12 Evaluating Disinfection Techniques of Water Treatment …
105
residual chlorine in the distribution system prevents the water from recontamination. On the other hand, chloramination has some drawbacks. This includes requires
chemical, requires skilled manpower, less efficient in removing microorganisms.
12.2.4 Ozonation (OZ)
Ozone is an excellent disinfectant and oxidant that is widely used in municipal water
supply attain disinfection improvement and water quality (Gunten 2003). Ozone
is produced onsite by passing dry air through a system of high voltage electrodes
(Summerfelt 2003). Ozone is an effective disinfectant in water treatment and can
even inactivate very resistant microorganisms (e.g. Cryptosporidium and Giardia.)
which conventional methods fail.
Ozone is an excellent disinfectant and can even be used to inactivate many kinds
of microorganisms such as protozoa which are very resistant to conventional disinfectants. Ozone is more effective than chlorination and chlorine dioxide as it readily
oxidizes pesticides, chemical residuals, organic matter and wide ranges of microorganisms at low concentration and in short time (EPA 2011; Pichel et al. 2019).
Moreover, this method is primarily effective in removing spores and cysts.
The limitation of ozone for drinking water disinfection is that there could be
recontamination of water during distribution line and storage as its concentration
decays rapidly. Moreover, using ozone for water disinfection is expensive especially
in terms of capital and operational costs. It requires highly skilled manpower for
onsite generation, for maintenance, high energy requirement, and post-treatment to
remove organic carbon formed during the oxidation process (EPA 2011). Ozone
exposure to inactivate pathogen is quite high which leads undesirable disinfection
byproduct formation particularly bromate (Gunten 2003).
12.2.5 Chlorine Dioxide (CD)
Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) is one of the method used for disinfection of drinking water
specially to remove algae from the water. It can also effectively remove taste, odor,
manganese and taste from drinking water. Chlorine dioxide is unstable and thus it is
sensitive to light, temperature and pressure. Chlorine dioxide is highly explosive in
the air especially when the concentration is above 4%.
105
residual chlorine in the distribution system prevents the water from recontamination. On the other hand, chloramination has some drawbacks. This includes requires
chemical, requires skilled manpower, less efficient in removing microorganisms.
12.2.4 Ozonation (OZ)
Ozone is an excellent disinfectant and oxidant that is widely used in municipal water
supply attain disinfection improvement and water quality (Gunten 2003). Ozone
is produced onsite by passing dry air through a system of high voltage electrodes
(Summerfelt 2003). Ozone is an effective disinfectant in water treatment and can
even inactivate very resistant microorganisms (e.g. Cryptosporidium and Giardia.)
which conventional methods fail.
Ozone is an excellent disinfectant and can even be used to inactivate many kinds
of microorganisms such as protozoa which are very resistant to conventional disinfectants. Ozone is more effective than chlorination and chlorine dioxide as it readily
oxidizes pesticides, chemical residuals, organic matter and wide ranges of microorganisms at low concentration and in short time (EPA 2011; Pichel et al. 2019).
Moreover, this method is primarily effective in removing spores and cysts.
The limitation of ozone for drinking water disinfection is that there could be
recontamination of water during distribution line and storage as its concentration
decays rapidly. Moreover, using ozone for water disinfection is expensive especially
in terms of capital and operational costs. It requires highly skilled manpower for
onsite generation, for maintenance, high energy requirement, and post-treatment to
remove organic carbon formed during the oxidation process (EPA 2011). Ozone
exposure to inactivate pathogen is quite high which leads undesirable disinfection
byproduct formation particularly bromate (Gunten 2003).
12.2.5 Chlorine Dioxide (CD)
Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) is one of the method used for disinfection of drinking water
specially to remove algae from the water. It can also effectively remove taste, odor,
manganese and taste from drinking water. Chlorine dioxide is unstable and thus it is
sensitive to light, temperature and pressure. Chlorine dioxide is highly explosive in
the air especially when the concentration is above 4%.