104
G. Gelete et al.
12.2.2 Chlorination (CL)
Removing disease causing microorganisms from water is the main objective of disinfection in water treatment process. Chlorination is the most commonly used method
worldwide to achieve this objective in municipal water supply. In the chlorination
process chlorine or chlorine byproducts are added to the water and reacts with water
to form hypochlorite ions and hypochlorous acid (Pichel et al. 2019).
Chlorination is effective and cheap disinfection technique even at low concentration and no post treatment is required as it forms a residual in water distribution
system. The primary advantage of chlorination is that the residual chlorine lasts
longer in the distribution system. Therefore, there is no possibility of recontamination of water during distribution and storage (EPA 2011). Chlorination has been
widely used around world as water disinfection method due to its effectiveness of
pathogen removal and low cost. However, chlorination has many disadvantages, such
as the undesirable taste and odor, formation of trihalomethanes byproducts, inadequacy against protozoa eggs and cysts, the, and in excess of 400 different sorts of
chlorination byproducts (Zhai et al. 2017). The other issue related with chlorination
is that there is no fixed principle on the amount of chlorine required to be added.
In any case, the mount required relies upon the water quality and the disinfection
necessity. Besides, a water treatment plant that utilizes chlorine gas as the disinfectant requires exceptionally skilled operators, maintenances and man power (Gadgil
1998). However, a treatment plant that uses diluted chlorine is relatively cost-effective
and straightforward. Nevertheless, the worldwide applicability of this method can
be ascribed to its convenience and to its exceedingly acceptable performance as a
disinfectant, which has been built up by many years of usage.
12.2.3 Chloramination (CM)
In the chloramination process, ammonia and chlorine are mixed and react to form
monochloramine. This process should be done under well controlled conditions
to prevent strong tastes and byproducts formation (Chatzisymeon et al.2011; EPA
2011). The efficiency of monocloramin in removing microorganism in water is low
compared to chlorination and hence it is mostly used to deliver a residual disinfectant
during distribution and storage of treated water.
Utilizing chloramination for drinking water disinfection is advantageous because
of no harmful byproducts (e.g. trihalomethanes) is formed under the present of
organic matter. Additionally, the taste limit is commonly a lot higher than of chlorine alone. Accordingly, utilizing chloramination in disinfecting drinking water can
altogether diminish client protests related with chlorine tastes. Because of this explanation, the utilization of chloramination water disinfection is getting progressively
well known in most countries as it gives residual chlorine in distribution lines. The
G. Gelete et al.
12.2.2 Chlorination (CL)
Removing disease causing microorganisms from water is the main objective of disinfection in water treatment process. Chlorination is the most commonly used method
worldwide to achieve this objective in municipal water supply. In the chlorination
process chlorine or chlorine byproducts are added to the water and reacts with water
to form hypochlorite ions and hypochlorous acid (Pichel et al. 2019).
Chlorination is effective and cheap disinfection technique even at low concentration and no post treatment is required as it forms a residual in water distribution
system. The primary advantage of chlorination is that the residual chlorine lasts
longer in the distribution system. Therefore, there is no possibility of recontamination of water during distribution and storage (EPA 2011). Chlorination has been
widely used around world as water disinfection method due to its effectiveness of
pathogen removal and low cost. However, chlorination has many disadvantages, such
as the undesirable taste and odor, formation of trihalomethanes byproducts, inadequacy against protozoa eggs and cysts, the, and in excess of 400 different sorts of
chlorination byproducts (Zhai et al. 2017). The other issue related with chlorination
is that there is no fixed principle on the amount of chlorine required to be added.
In any case, the mount required relies upon the water quality and the disinfection
necessity. Besides, a water treatment plant that utilizes chlorine gas as the disinfectant requires exceptionally skilled operators, maintenances and man power (Gadgil
1998). However, a treatment plant that uses diluted chlorine is relatively cost-effective
and straightforward. Nevertheless, the worldwide applicability of this method can
be ascribed to its convenience and to its exceedingly acceptable performance as a
disinfectant, which has been built up by many years of usage.
12.2.3 Chloramination (CM)
In the chloramination process, ammonia and chlorine are mixed and react to form
monochloramine. This process should be done under well controlled conditions
to prevent strong tastes and byproducts formation (Chatzisymeon et al.2011; EPA
2011). The efficiency of monocloramin in removing microorganism in water is low
compared to chlorination and hence it is mostly used to deliver a residual disinfectant
during distribution and storage of treated water.
Utilizing chloramination for drinking water disinfection is advantageous because
of no harmful byproducts (e.g. trihalomethanes) is formed under the present of
organic matter. Additionally, the taste limit is commonly a lot higher than of chlorine alone. Accordingly, utilizing chloramination in disinfecting drinking water can
altogether diminish client protests related with chlorine tastes. Because of this explanation, the utilization of chloramination water disinfection is getting progressively
well known in most countries as it gives residual chlorine in distribution lines. The