such as canals, groundwater level, soil moisture can be used to assess the condition
of peatlands. Some of these parameters have been used in peatland monitoring in
Indonesia, e.g. groundwater level by the Directorate of Peat Degradation ControlMinistry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) (http://pkgppkl.menlhk.go.id/
webgis) and Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) (https://en.prims.brg.go.id).
Groundwater level is an indicator for protecting peatland ecosystem, which is set
at 4.0 m. If the groundwater level is more than 0.4 m below the surface, it indicates
that the peatland ecosystem has been degraded and needs to be protected. Efforts
have been done to develop a system to monitor groundwater level (GWL) on
peatland, e.g. SIMATAG-0.4 M (Peat Water Level Monitoring System—0.4 m)
has been developed by the Directorate of Peat Degradation Control, and SIPALAGA
(Peatland Water Monitoring System) developed by Peatland Restoration Agency
(http://sipalaga.brg.go.id).
Considering redox potential as a result of GWL changes on peatlands, the use of a
process-based model could be seen as an option to improve accuracy in estimating
the GHGs emission resulting from CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O gases. Increasing the GWL is
an option to reduce peat vulnerability to fires and CO 2 emission that occur due to
oxidation process, but conversely, this increase in GWL will increase microbial
processes which have an impact on increasing emissions of other gases such as CH 4 .
Soil moisture is also an important parameter for peatlands. Conversion of
peatlands from forests to non-forests increases the peat drainage so incorporating
soil moisture in peatland mapping is very important to control and prevent fires as
well as monitor the impacts of degradation. Soil moisture maps can be produced
using C-band, L-band RADAR, Landsat, or Sentinel-2 Optical data. Using the TVDI
(temperature vegetation dryness index), a study by Holidi et al. (2019) demonstrated
that during the dry season, extreme wet category is found in water bodies and
secondary forests that have high density, moderate wet category is found in paddy
fields and grass, moderate dry is found in shrubs and oil palm plantations with good
management, and extreme dry areas are found on grass and oil palm with poor
cultivation management.
The important parameters representing peatland conditions should be incorporated in peatland mapping and monitoring to identify area that needs to be protected,
conserved, or restored and to accurately monitor the peatland degradation as well as
assess the effectiveness of the mitigation actions. All of these need to be integrated
into a single integration framework of MRV to support wise, responsible, and
sustainable peatland management.
15.5 Conclusion
Tropical peatlands play a critical role in the global, regional, and national climate
agenda. Through protection, conservation, restoration, and improved land management, peatlands are important ecosystem for natural climate solutions that can
increase carbon storage and reduce GHGs emission in the global landscapes. The
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H. Krisnawati et al.
of peatlands. Some of these parameters have been used in peatland monitoring in
Indonesia, e.g. groundwater level by the Directorate of Peat Degradation ControlMinistry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) (http://pkgppkl.menlhk.go.id/
webgis) and Peatland Restoration Agency (BRG) (https://en.prims.brg.go.id).
Groundwater level is an indicator for protecting peatland ecosystem, which is set
at 4.0 m. If the groundwater level is more than 0.4 m below the surface, it indicates
that the peatland ecosystem has been degraded and needs to be protected. Efforts
have been done to develop a system to monitor groundwater level (GWL) on
peatland, e.g. SIMATAG-0.4 M (Peat Water Level Monitoring System—0.4 m)
has been developed by the Directorate of Peat Degradation Control, and SIPALAGA
(Peatland Water Monitoring System) developed by Peatland Restoration Agency
(http://sipalaga.brg.go.id).
Considering redox potential as a result of GWL changes on peatlands, the use of a
process-based model could be seen as an option to improve accuracy in estimating
the GHGs emission resulting from CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O gases. Increasing the GWL is
an option to reduce peat vulnerability to fires and CO 2 emission that occur due to
oxidation process, but conversely, this increase in GWL will increase microbial
processes which have an impact on increasing emissions of other gases such as CH 4 .
Soil moisture is also an important parameter for peatlands. Conversion of
peatlands from forests to non-forests increases the peat drainage so incorporating
soil moisture in peatland mapping is very important to control and prevent fires as
well as monitor the impacts of degradation. Soil moisture maps can be produced
using C-band, L-band RADAR, Landsat, or Sentinel-2 Optical data. Using the TVDI
(temperature vegetation dryness index), a study by Holidi et al. (2019) demonstrated
that during the dry season, extreme wet category is found in water bodies and
secondary forests that have high density, moderate wet category is found in paddy
fields and grass, moderate dry is found in shrubs and oil palm plantations with good
management, and extreme dry areas are found on grass and oil palm with poor
cultivation management.
The important parameters representing peatland conditions should be incorporated in peatland mapping and monitoring to identify area that needs to be protected,
conserved, or restored and to accurately monitor the peatland degradation as well as
assess the effectiveness of the mitigation actions. All of these need to be integrated
into a single integration framework of MRV to support wise, responsible, and
sustainable peatland management.
15.5 Conclusion
Tropical peatlands play a critical role in the global, regional, and national climate
agenda. Through protection, conservation, restoration, and improved land management, peatlands are important ecosystem for natural climate solutions that can
increase carbon storage and reduce GHGs emission in the global landscapes. The
458
H. Krisnawati et al.