1. Simple framework, which integrates the activity data x emission/removal factor
(representative of Tier 1/Tier 2 methods).
2. Fully integrated frameworks, with two sub-cases: spatially referenced models and
the spatially explicit methods (representative of Tier 3), which track individual
units of land (polygons or pixels).
These methods have been used by countries in developing land sector GHG
estimates; for Indonesia FREL reporting, a simple framework was used to integrate
the activity data and emissions factor. When applied correctly, the methods comply
with the UNFCCC rules and IPCC guidelines. However, the accuracy of estimations
obtained can vary greatly. The estimations obtained using Tier 3 approaches may be
more accurate because they do not have to deploy simplifying assumptions inherent
in emission/removal factor as in Tier 1/Tier2 approach, and because they may be
able to accommodate more detailed stratification (vegetation types, disturbance
events, management history, etc.) although the complexity may increase. Depending
on the nature of forest land use and availability of data, a combination of integration
methods may be used. It is sensible to implement a system progressively within a
single integration framework, initially to implement a simpler method to meet shortterm needs without sacrificing the longer-term goals and then continuously
improved.
15.4.3 Recent Development on the Methodology to Support
MRV for Tropical Peatlands
The development of Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) is
example of integration framework/system applying Tier 3 approach (GFOI 2016).
INCAS is a systematic approach for MRV of GHGs emission for the land sector,
including for REDD+ activities. It is also designed to support the broader reporting
requirements under the UNFCCC and tracking progress against the country’s emission reduction targets. In particular, INCAS has developed a methodological framework for estimating annual GHGs emission from forests and peatlands (Krisnawati
et al. 2015a). The event-driven process is used to quantify the progressive impact of
disturbance events occurring on forests (including peat swamp forest) from which
GHGs emission/removal are derived. This allows for GHGs to be estimated based on
the net change in forest conditions and the nature of the disturbance event that caused
the forest to change. For instance, how much biomass was taken off site and how
much remained on site to decay or burn can be generated. This approach tracks the
flow of carbon between the different carbon pools in the landscape and ultimately
estimates the net GHGs emission released into the atmosphere (Krisnawati et al.
2015b).
For peatlands, a similar event-driven approach was used. Total annual GHGs
emission are estimated by multiplying the area affected by drainage and/or fires by
activity specific emission factors. Emission from biological oxidation and fires are
15 Climate-Responsible Management of Tropical Peatlands: The Need for Integrated. . .
455
(representative of Tier 1/Tier 2 methods).
2. Fully integrated frameworks, with two sub-cases: spatially referenced models and
the spatially explicit methods (representative of Tier 3), which track individual
units of land (polygons or pixels).
These methods have been used by countries in developing land sector GHG
estimates; for Indonesia FREL reporting, a simple framework was used to integrate
the activity data and emissions factor. When applied correctly, the methods comply
with the UNFCCC rules and IPCC guidelines. However, the accuracy of estimations
obtained can vary greatly. The estimations obtained using Tier 3 approaches may be
more accurate because they do not have to deploy simplifying assumptions inherent
in emission/removal factor as in Tier 1/Tier2 approach, and because they may be
able to accommodate more detailed stratification (vegetation types, disturbance
events, management history, etc.) although the complexity may increase. Depending
on the nature of forest land use and availability of data, a combination of integration
methods may be used. It is sensible to implement a system progressively within a
single integration framework, initially to implement a simpler method to meet shortterm needs without sacrificing the longer-term goals and then continuously
improved.
15.4.3 Recent Development on the Methodology to Support
MRV for Tropical Peatlands
The development of Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) is
example of integration framework/system applying Tier 3 approach (GFOI 2016).
INCAS is a systematic approach for MRV of GHGs emission for the land sector,
including for REDD+ activities. It is also designed to support the broader reporting
requirements under the UNFCCC and tracking progress against the country’s emission reduction targets. In particular, INCAS has developed a methodological framework for estimating annual GHGs emission from forests and peatlands (Krisnawati
et al. 2015a). The event-driven process is used to quantify the progressive impact of
disturbance events occurring on forests (including peat swamp forest) from which
GHGs emission/removal are derived. This allows for GHGs to be estimated based on
the net change in forest conditions and the nature of the disturbance event that caused
the forest to change. For instance, how much biomass was taken off site and how
much remained on site to decay or burn can be generated. This approach tracks the
flow of carbon between the different carbon pools in the landscape and ultimately
estimates the net GHGs emission released into the atmosphere (Krisnawati et al.
2015b).
For peatlands, a similar event-driven approach was used. Total annual GHGs
emission are estimated by multiplying the area affected by drainage and/or fires by
activity specific emission factors. Emission from biological oxidation and fires are
15 Climate-Responsible Management of Tropical Peatlands: The Need for Integrated. . .
455