include Aporosa frutescens, Baccaurea javanica, Bridelia stipularis, Macaranga
gigantea, Macaranga tanarius, Rhodamnia cinerea, Schizomeria serrata, Syzygium
acuminatissima, Syzygium jamboloides, Syzygium spicatum, and Terminalia
catappa. Other species produce brown (Sysyzgium densiflora, Pithecellobium
clypearia), yellow (Fibraurea tinctoria, Nicolaia speciosa), purple (Baccaurea
racemosa, Garcinia mangostana), red (Aporosa frutescens), or green (Shirakiopsis
indica [Sapium indicum]) dyes. While many of these have been displaced by
synthetic dyes over the years, there has been a resurgence in the use of natural
dyes in recent years by commercial companies. Red dye (dragon’s blood) or jernang,
which is the sap of a variety of Daemonorops rattan species especially Daemonorops
draco has been promoted on peatland in Jambi in the past 5–10 years, but all appear
to be dryland species and require a degree of drainage (Sulasmi et al. 2012).
18 Indonesian PSF species produce useful latex, and six of these have been listed
as a major use species by PROSEA (Boer and Ella 2000). Most of these are from just
four families, namely Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and Sapotaceae—
the exception is Fagraea auriculata which is a member of the Gentianaceae (formerly classified as Loganiaceae). Not all latexes are equally useful, and some are
simply used to catch birds (on glued sticks, strategically placed in trees)—the latter
include Artocarpus elasticus, Fagraea auriculata, Macaranga gigantea,
Macaranga tanarius, and Macaranga triloba (cornuta variant). The remainder
produce gutta-percha latex, which is used in a variety of products such as latex
paints, cosmetics, and chewing gum. The best quality latex is from Dyera costulata,
Dyera eximia, Dyera polyphylla (syn: Dyera lowii; the Dyera species are commonly
known as swamp jelutung), Ganua motleyana, Palaquium gutta, Palaquium
leiocarpum, and Payena leerii, while the more inferior latex is derived from Alstonia
angustiloba and Palaquium obovatum. Dyera polyphylla is the most widespread
PSF species producing useful latex, found both in Sumatra and Borneo and
displaying rapid growth on rewetted peatland (Giesen 2015b; Janssen and Widaretna
2017d).
At least 17 Indonesian PSF species are used as ornaments, including the following ten fern(Àlike) species: Asplenium nidus, Davallia denteculata, Dicranopteris
linearis, Drynaria quercifolia, Humata heterophylla (Davallia), Huperzia
phlegmaria, Lycopodium cernuum, Nephrolepis biserrata, Pityrogramma
calomelanos, and Platycerium coronarium. In addition, there is also the red sealing
wax palm (Cyrtostachys renda, syn.: Cyrtostachys lakka), the aroid Alocasia
longiloba, the pigeon orchid Dendrobium crumenatum, two large trees Cynometra
ramiflora and Lepisanthes amoena species, a trailing fig of Ficus sagittata species,
and the pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria).
13 Indonesian PSF species are used for tanning, three of which are listed as being
of major use species due to this purpose by PROSEA, these include the trees
Macaranga tanarius and Terminalia catappa, and the climber Uncaria gambir
(Lemmens and Wulijarni-Soetjipto 1991). Most of these species are used for tanning
and making fishing nets: Coelostegia griffithii, Macaranga tanarius, Pithecellobium
clypearia, Rhodamnia cinerea, Syzygium lineatum, and Syzygium palembanicum
420
W. Giesen
gigantea, Macaranga tanarius, Rhodamnia cinerea, Schizomeria serrata, Syzygium
acuminatissima, Syzygium jamboloides, Syzygium spicatum, and Terminalia
catappa. Other species produce brown (Sysyzgium densiflora, Pithecellobium
clypearia), yellow (Fibraurea tinctoria, Nicolaia speciosa), purple (Baccaurea
racemosa, Garcinia mangostana), red (Aporosa frutescens), or green (Shirakiopsis
indica [Sapium indicum]) dyes. While many of these have been displaced by
synthetic dyes over the years, there has been a resurgence in the use of natural
dyes in recent years by commercial companies. Red dye (dragon’s blood) or jernang,
which is the sap of a variety of Daemonorops rattan species especially Daemonorops
draco has been promoted on peatland in Jambi in the past 5–10 years, but all appear
to be dryland species and require a degree of drainage (Sulasmi et al. 2012).
18 Indonesian PSF species produce useful latex, and six of these have been listed
as a major use species by PROSEA (Boer and Ella 2000). Most of these are from just
four families, namely Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and Sapotaceae—
the exception is Fagraea auriculata which is a member of the Gentianaceae (formerly classified as Loganiaceae). Not all latexes are equally useful, and some are
simply used to catch birds (on glued sticks, strategically placed in trees)—the latter
include Artocarpus elasticus, Fagraea auriculata, Macaranga gigantea,
Macaranga tanarius, and Macaranga triloba (cornuta variant). The remainder
produce gutta-percha latex, which is used in a variety of products such as latex
paints, cosmetics, and chewing gum. The best quality latex is from Dyera costulata,
Dyera eximia, Dyera polyphylla (syn: Dyera lowii; the Dyera species are commonly
known as swamp jelutung), Ganua motleyana, Palaquium gutta, Palaquium
leiocarpum, and Payena leerii, while the more inferior latex is derived from Alstonia
angustiloba and Palaquium obovatum. Dyera polyphylla is the most widespread
PSF species producing useful latex, found both in Sumatra and Borneo and
displaying rapid growth on rewetted peatland (Giesen 2015b; Janssen and Widaretna
2017d).
At least 17 Indonesian PSF species are used as ornaments, including the following ten fern(Àlike) species: Asplenium nidus, Davallia denteculata, Dicranopteris
linearis, Drynaria quercifolia, Humata heterophylla (Davallia), Huperzia
phlegmaria, Lycopodium cernuum, Nephrolepis biserrata, Pityrogramma
calomelanos, and Platycerium coronarium. In addition, there is also the red sealing
wax palm (Cyrtostachys renda, syn.: Cyrtostachys lakka), the aroid Alocasia
longiloba, the pigeon orchid Dendrobium crumenatum, two large trees Cynometra
ramiflora and Lepisanthes amoena species, a trailing fig of Ficus sagittata species,
and the pitcher plant (Nepenthes ampullaria).
13 Indonesian PSF species are used for tanning, three of which are listed as being
of major use species due to this purpose by PROSEA, these include the trees
Macaranga tanarius and Terminalia catappa, and the climber Uncaria gambir
(Lemmens and Wulijarni-Soetjipto 1991). Most of these species are used for tanning
and making fishing nets: Coelostegia griffithii, Macaranga tanarius, Pithecellobium
clypearia, Rhodamnia cinerea, Syzygium lineatum, and Syzygium palembanicum
420
W. Giesen