species, namely Artocarpus elasticus, Nepenthes ampullaria, and Nepenthes
rafflesiana (Brink and Escobin 2003a).
23 PSF species have been identified as being commonly used for weaving,
including eight species listed by PROSEA as being major use species (Brink and
Escobin 2003a). Weaving of mats, baskets, and hats is usually done with the stems of
sedge species such as Actinoscirpus (Scirpus) grossus, Lepironia articulata (purun),
and Scirpodendron ghaeri, rushes such as Juncus effusus, and pandan leaves such as
those of Pandanus atrocarpus, Pandanus furcatus, Pandanus helicopus, Pandanus
johorensis, and Pandanus terrestris. Highly durable stems of the common Donax
canniformis are also used, often as a substitute for rattan, partly because the finished
products appear similar (Salleh and van den Berg 2004). Stems of the slender rattan,
Daemonorops fissa, are split and used for weaving, while stems of the ferns
Dicranopteris linearis, Gleichenia linearis, and Helminthostachys zeylanica are
used for coarse products. Artocarpus elasticus and Commersonia bartramia are
trees from which the fibrous inner bark is used. Commersonia bartramia is used
for making fuses and rope as well as for weaving coarse, brown mats used for drying
rice. The inner bark of nyatoh (Artocarpus elasticus) is used for making rope when
still young, while the inner bark of older trees is used for making traditional clothing
in Kalimantan and Sumatra. This use had nearly disappeared but has returned with
the fashioning of such materials for the tourism industry.
23 PSF species (all found in Indonesia) have been identified as dammarproducing species (resin, traditionally used as fuel for lighting) and/or etheric oils,
including seven species listed by PROSEA as of the major use species (Brink and
Escobin 2003b). Some of the latter are simply used for their scent (e.g., Aglaia
odoratissima and Horsfieldia irya) while others such as Gaultheria leucocarpa and
Melaleuca cajuputi produce etheric oils that are used for medical purposes, massages, and in fragrances (Janssen and Widaretna 2017b). Gaultheria leucocarpa
produces oil akin to North American wintergreen oil, used as medicine, in fragrances, and massage oils. Melaleuca cajuputi or gelam produces cajuput oil or
minyak kayu putih. There is a lot of regional variations in oil content of gelam, and
often cultivars are used that induce particularly high levels of oil (extracted from the
leaves). The traditional sources of dammar in Indonesia have been Agathis
borneensis (Agathis dammara) and a number of dipterocarp species such as
Dipterocarpis gracilis, Hopea mengarawan, and Vatica rassak are found in PSF,
but also from tree species such as Canarium asperum, Canarium hirsutum, Sindora
galedupa, and Sindora velutina, and the liana Connarus monocarpus ssp.
malayensis. Oils that are mainly used for non-consumptive purposes are extracted
from the seeds of a number of species, including Cerbera manghas, Cerbera
odollam, Dysoxylum alliaceum, Nephelium lappaceum, Palaquium rostratum,
Palaquium walsurifolium, and Payena maingayi, and from oily fruits of species
such as Horsfieldia irya, Horsfieldia sylvestris, and Knema glauca (Boer and Ella
2000; Brink and Escobin 2003b).
22 Indonesian PSF species produce dyes, mainly for the dyeing of cotton fabrics
and batiks, but none are listed as a major use species by PROSEA (Lemmens and
Wulijarni-Soetjipto 1991). Most of these produce a black dye, and these species
14 Tropical Peatland Restoration in Indonesia by Replanting with Useful Indigenous. . .
419
rafflesiana (Brink and Escobin 2003a).
23 PSF species have been identified as being commonly used for weaving,
including eight species listed by PROSEA as being major use species (Brink and
Escobin 2003a). Weaving of mats, baskets, and hats is usually done with the stems of
sedge species such as Actinoscirpus (Scirpus) grossus, Lepironia articulata (purun),
and Scirpodendron ghaeri, rushes such as Juncus effusus, and pandan leaves such as
those of Pandanus atrocarpus, Pandanus furcatus, Pandanus helicopus, Pandanus
johorensis, and Pandanus terrestris. Highly durable stems of the common Donax
canniformis are also used, often as a substitute for rattan, partly because the finished
products appear similar (Salleh and van den Berg 2004). Stems of the slender rattan,
Daemonorops fissa, are split and used for weaving, while stems of the ferns
Dicranopteris linearis, Gleichenia linearis, and Helminthostachys zeylanica are
used for coarse products. Artocarpus elasticus and Commersonia bartramia are
trees from which the fibrous inner bark is used. Commersonia bartramia is used
for making fuses and rope as well as for weaving coarse, brown mats used for drying
rice. The inner bark of nyatoh (Artocarpus elasticus) is used for making rope when
still young, while the inner bark of older trees is used for making traditional clothing
in Kalimantan and Sumatra. This use had nearly disappeared but has returned with
the fashioning of such materials for the tourism industry.
23 PSF species (all found in Indonesia) have been identified as dammarproducing species (resin, traditionally used as fuel for lighting) and/or etheric oils,
including seven species listed by PROSEA as of the major use species (Brink and
Escobin 2003b). Some of the latter are simply used for their scent (e.g., Aglaia
odoratissima and Horsfieldia irya) while others such as Gaultheria leucocarpa and
Melaleuca cajuputi produce etheric oils that are used for medical purposes, massages, and in fragrances (Janssen and Widaretna 2017b). Gaultheria leucocarpa
produces oil akin to North American wintergreen oil, used as medicine, in fragrances, and massage oils. Melaleuca cajuputi or gelam produces cajuput oil or
minyak kayu putih. There is a lot of regional variations in oil content of gelam, and
often cultivars are used that induce particularly high levels of oil (extracted from the
leaves). The traditional sources of dammar in Indonesia have been Agathis
borneensis (Agathis dammara) and a number of dipterocarp species such as
Dipterocarpis gracilis, Hopea mengarawan, and Vatica rassak are found in PSF,
but also from tree species such as Canarium asperum, Canarium hirsutum, Sindora
galedupa, and Sindora velutina, and the liana Connarus monocarpus ssp.
malayensis. Oils that are mainly used for non-consumptive purposes are extracted
from the seeds of a number of species, including Cerbera manghas, Cerbera
odollam, Dysoxylum alliaceum, Nephelium lappaceum, Palaquium rostratum,
Palaquium walsurifolium, and Payena maingayi, and from oily fruits of species
such as Horsfieldia irya, Horsfieldia sylvestris, and Knema glauca (Boer and Ella
2000; Brink and Escobin 2003b).
22 Indonesian PSF species produce dyes, mainly for the dyeing of cotton fabrics
and batiks, but none are listed as a major use species by PROSEA (Lemmens and
Wulijarni-Soetjipto 1991). Most of these produce a black dye, and these species
14 Tropical Peatland Restoration in Indonesia by Replanting with Useful Indigenous. . .
419