Clerodendrum serratum, Cratoxylum formosum, Donax canniformis, Drynaria
sparsisora, Elaeocarpus grandiflorus, Helminthostachys zeylanica, Leea indica,
Pandanus furcatus, Quassia indica, and Spatholobus ferrugineus.
Studies in Malaysia show that tree species produce higher concentration of active
biological compounds (antioxidants and polyphenols) on peat soil compared with
those of similar or the same species (in the tested case Macaranga species) grown on
non-peat soil (Lim et al. 2014, 2017). This has implications when seeking bioactive
ingredients for medicinal purposes and options for cultivation as well as implies that
cultivation on peat soils may be required to ensure higher concentration of active
compounds.
14.3.3 Other Uses of NTFPs
191 PSF plant species with “other use” category (i.e., in addition to be used for
timber, fuel, wood, food, or medicine) have been identified, 188 of which are found
in Indonesian PSFs. By far the greatest category is under the use of wood/stems for
utensils making. Other important categories are those for binding and cordage,
weaving, dammar/oil, dyes, ornaments, and latex production. For the full list, please
refer to Giesen (2013).
37 Indonesian PSF species are used for making a wide range of utensils. Some of
these are highly durable underwater and used for constructing fish cages and traps,
for example, the ferns Stenochlaena palustris and Gleichenia linearis, and the
slender rattan of Calamus schistoacanthus (Peters and Giesen 2000). A few tree
species produce very hard wood that can be used as pestles and/or mortars, and these
include Calophyllum inophyllum, Rhodamnia cinerea, and Flacourtia rukam. The
pneumatophores of Alstonia pneumatophora and Alstonia spatulata are extremely
light and used to make floats for nets. Wood produced by a number of species is not
durable, but light and easy to work on and are favored for packing crates, boxes, and
matches—these include Aleurites moluccana, Alstonia pneumatophora, Alstonia
scholaris, and Neesia altissima. The remaining species are tree and shrub species
that produce a durable (and often light) timber that does not split or become fibrous
and can readily be utilized for making tool handles, ladders, gun handles, walking
sticks, and so on.
25 species (all found in Indonesia) have been identified as being commonly used
for binding material and/or cordage (i.e., as ropes). Many of these used for binding
nad/or cordage are climbers and rattans, including Adenia cordifolia, Adenia
macrophyllum variant macrophylla, Calamus zonatus, Flagellaria indica,
Freycinetia javanica, Nepenthes ampullaria, Nepenthes rafflesiana, and
Stenochlaena palustris. The remainder (e.g., Artocarpus elasticus, Goniothalamus
malayanus, Mallotus paniculatus, Microcos tomentosa, and Polyalthia species) are
trees and (straggling) shrubs; fibrous (inner) bark of the foregoing is extracted and
used as binding material. Three species are recognized by PROSEA as of major use
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W. Giesen
sparsisora, Elaeocarpus grandiflorus, Helminthostachys zeylanica, Leea indica,
Pandanus furcatus, Quassia indica, and Spatholobus ferrugineus.
Studies in Malaysia show that tree species produce higher concentration of active
biological compounds (antioxidants and polyphenols) on peat soil compared with
those of similar or the same species (in the tested case Macaranga species) grown on
non-peat soil (Lim et al. 2014, 2017). This has implications when seeking bioactive
ingredients for medicinal purposes and options for cultivation as well as implies that
cultivation on peat soils may be required to ensure higher concentration of active
compounds.
14.3.3 Other Uses of NTFPs
191 PSF plant species with “other use” category (i.e., in addition to be used for
timber, fuel, wood, food, or medicine) have been identified, 188 of which are found
in Indonesian PSFs. By far the greatest category is under the use of wood/stems for
utensils making. Other important categories are those for binding and cordage,
weaving, dammar/oil, dyes, ornaments, and latex production. For the full list, please
refer to Giesen (2013).
37 Indonesian PSF species are used for making a wide range of utensils. Some of
these are highly durable underwater and used for constructing fish cages and traps,
for example, the ferns Stenochlaena palustris and Gleichenia linearis, and the
slender rattan of Calamus schistoacanthus (Peters and Giesen 2000). A few tree
species produce very hard wood that can be used as pestles and/or mortars, and these
include Calophyllum inophyllum, Rhodamnia cinerea, and Flacourtia rukam. The
pneumatophores of Alstonia pneumatophora and Alstonia spatulata are extremely
light and used to make floats for nets. Wood produced by a number of species is not
durable, but light and easy to work on and are favored for packing crates, boxes, and
matches—these include Aleurites moluccana, Alstonia pneumatophora, Alstonia
scholaris, and Neesia altissima. The remaining species are tree and shrub species
that produce a durable (and often light) timber that does not split or become fibrous
and can readily be utilized for making tool handles, ladders, gun handles, walking
sticks, and so on.
25 species (all found in Indonesia) have been identified as being commonly used
for binding material and/or cordage (i.e., as ropes). Many of these used for binding
nad/or cordage are climbers and rattans, including Adenia cordifolia, Adenia
macrophyllum variant macrophylla, Calamus zonatus, Flagellaria indica,
Freycinetia javanica, Nepenthes ampullaria, Nepenthes rafflesiana, and
Stenochlaena palustris. The remainder (e.g., Artocarpus elasticus, Goniothalamus
malayanus, Mallotus paniculatus, Microcos tomentosa, and Polyalthia species) are
trees and (straggling) shrubs; fibrous (inner) bark of the foregoing is extracted and
used as binding material. Three species are recognized by PROSEA as of major use
418
W. Giesen