(Eugenia lepidocarpa). Garcinia mangostana, Macaranga gigantea, Schizomeria
serrata, and Terminalia catappa are used for the tanning of leather.
11 of the 26 rattan species (cane or rotan, climbing members of the palm family
Arecaceae) found in Indonesian PSF are regularly used. Seven species listed are
known to produce good to high quality cane, which cover Calamus axillaris,
Calamus caesius, Calamus zonatus, Daemonorops angustifolia, Daemonorops
fissa, Korthalsia flagellaris, and Korthalsia laciniosa (Korthalsia grandis), while
the remainder Calamus schistoacanthus, Calamus tapa, Ceratolobus hallierianus,
and Plectocomiopsis triquetra produce cane of fair to moderate quality. Three
species—Calamus caesius, Korthalsia flagellaris, and Korthalsia laciniosa—are
listed as of “major use” species by PROSEA (Dransfield and Manokaran 1993).
Eight Indonesian PSF species are used for traditional roofing material (atap) and
construction of walls. These include palms Eleiodoxa (Salacca) conferta,
Oncosperma tigillarium, Pholidocarpus sumatranus and the fern Acrostichum
aureum whose fronds (i.e., leaves and oftentimes also the leaf stems) are dried and
used as atap. The remaining four species—Durio carinatus, Hopea mengerawan,
Shorea teysmanniana, and Sapium discolor—are large tree species whose thick,
durable bark is used for roofing and walls of traditional housing.
Four PSF species of Thymeleaceae are renowned for production of incense wood
(agarwood or gaharu), including Gonystylus bancanus and Wikstroemia tenuiramis,
and two “eaglewood” species—Aquilaria beccariana and Aquilaria filaria. When
subjected to fungal attack, Aquilaria, Gonystylus, and Wikstroemia species
(Thymelaeaceae) produce a fragrant resin that is internationally traded. Both
Bogor-based World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the Forestry and Environmental Research Development and Innovation Agency (FOERDIA) have
experimented with inoculation procedures for both Aquilaria and Gonystylus, and
FOERDIA has developed inoculation kits for farmers that are sold along with gaharu
seedlings (Turjaman et al. 2016).
14.4 Species Used for Wood Production
14.4.1 Timber Species
A total of 232 timber species were identified in the list of PSF species for Southeast
Asia, including 111 with high quality timber and 121 with fair to moderate quality
timber (Soerianegara and Lemmens 1994; Lemmens et al. 1995), 180 of which have
also been recorded in Indonesia, including 99 high quality timber species (Giesen
2013). Most of the high-quality species were routinely exploited in peat swamp
forests and have a ready market, while most of the species listed as fair to moderate
generally have a local market only. A total of 52 dipterocarp species have been
recorded in Indonesian PSFs with almost half of which consisting of Shorea
(meranti) species with moderate to excellent quality timber.
14 Tropical Peatland Restoration in Indonesia by Replanting with Useful Indigenous. . .
421
serrata, and Terminalia catappa are used for the tanning of leather.
11 of the 26 rattan species (cane or rotan, climbing members of the palm family
Arecaceae) found in Indonesian PSF are regularly used. Seven species listed are
known to produce good to high quality cane, which cover Calamus axillaris,
Calamus caesius, Calamus zonatus, Daemonorops angustifolia, Daemonorops
fissa, Korthalsia flagellaris, and Korthalsia laciniosa (Korthalsia grandis), while
the remainder Calamus schistoacanthus, Calamus tapa, Ceratolobus hallierianus,
and Plectocomiopsis triquetra produce cane of fair to moderate quality. Three
species—Calamus caesius, Korthalsia flagellaris, and Korthalsia laciniosa—are
listed as of “major use” species by PROSEA (Dransfield and Manokaran 1993).
Eight Indonesian PSF species are used for traditional roofing material (atap) and
construction of walls. These include palms Eleiodoxa (Salacca) conferta,
Oncosperma tigillarium, Pholidocarpus sumatranus and the fern Acrostichum
aureum whose fronds (i.e., leaves and oftentimes also the leaf stems) are dried and
used as atap. The remaining four species—Durio carinatus, Hopea mengerawan,
Shorea teysmanniana, and Sapium discolor—are large tree species whose thick,
durable bark is used for roofing and walls of traditional housing.
Four PSF species of Thymeleaceae are renowned for production of incense wood
(agarwood or gaharu), including Gonystylus bancanus and Wikstroemia tenuiramis,
and two “eaglewood” species—Aquilaria beccariana and Aquilaria filaria. When
subjected to fungal attack, Aquilaria, Gonystylus, and Wikstroemia species
(Thymelaeaceae) produce a fragrant resin that is internationally traded. Both
Bogor-based World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the Forestry and Environmental Research Development and Innovation Agency (FOERDIA) have
experimented with inoculation procedures for both Aquilaria and Gonystylus, and
FOERDIA has developed inoculation kits for farmers that are sold along with gaharu
seedlings (Turjaman et al. 2016).
14.4 Species Used for Wood Production
14.4.1 Timber Species
A total of 232 timber species were identified in the list of PSF species for Southeast
Asia, including 111 with high quality timber and 121 with fair to moderate quality
timber (Soerianegara and Lemmens 1994; Lemmens et al. 1995), 180 of which have
also been recorded in Indonesia, including 99 high quality timber species (Giesen
2013). Most of the high-quality species were routinely exploited in peat swamp
forests and have a ready market, while most of the species listed as fair to moderate
generally have a local market only. A total of 52 dipterocarp species have been
recorded in Indonesian PSFs with almost half of which consisting of Shorea
(meranti) species with moderate to excellent quality timber.
14 Tropical Peatland Restoration in Indonesia by Replanting with Useful Indigenous. . .
421