Standing trees are felled, and the timber is turned into wood logs four meters long
with a chainsaw. Excavators with grapples are used to collect the logs and haul them
out along canals. The extracted logs are loaded onto small barges and transported
through the canals to a road. They are then loaded onto trucks and transported to the
port for shipment. The length of the canal is approximately 5 km, with one tugboat
and 12 small barges carrying 180 m
3 of logs at a time. The road to the port, where the
logs are unloaded, is approximately 2 km, and the logs are transported by trucks. One
truck can carry 20 m
3 of logs in a single trip. The grapple loaders transfer the logs on
the small barges to the trucks and from the trucks to outbound barges at the
respective locations.
The bone-dry density of the wood is 473 kg/m
3 ; however, the wood density is
850 kg/m
3 with a moisture content (wet base) of 44.4% when shipped. The wood is
not debarked.
The energy input in this estimate is derived from the fuel required for directly
harvesting and transporting the wood logs. It does not include the transport of the
machinery or the indirect energy consumption of the machinery. The energy
obtained from the wood was calculated from the moisture content of the wood
(U.S. DOE 2011) and the heat content of 22.6 MJ/kg of dry wood (Hanum and
van der Maesen 1997). This calculation resulted in an energy requirement of
14,236 MJ for 1 ha of wood production.
The energy obtained from the harvested wood in 1 ha was 781,382 MJ. Therefore, the EPR, in this case, was estimated to be 54.9.
6.8 Social Design in Harvesting Sun Societies in the Tropics
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) presents four scenarios that explore
reasonable aspects of global futures and their implications for ecosystem services
(ESs): Global Orchestration, Order from Strength, Adapting Mosaic, and
TechnoGarden. According to these 4 land management scenarios, we present a
slice model of the equator, covering the land use and land management of the
tropics, applying several elements and criteria (Fig. 6.16), as follows.
1. Regional-global and proactive-reactive axes, on which the Global Orchestration,
Order from Strength, Adapting Mosaic, and TechnoGarden scenarios are
categorized.
2. Renewable energy-fossil fuel axis.
3. Natural capital-anthropological capital axis.
We then classify these elements and criteria into three social systems: TREE,
BUSH, and STUMP.
TREE: The water–TREE–carbon system is the key system and depends on natural
capital.
BUSH: A TREE system was destroyed and is partially rehabilitated and restored.
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M. Osaki et al.
with a chainsaw. Excavators with grapples are used to collect the logs and haul them
out along canals. The extracted logs are loaded onto small barges and transported
through the canals to a road. They are then loaded onto trucks and transported to the
port for shipment. The length of the canal is approximately 5 km, with one tugboat
and 12 small barges carrying 180 m
3 of logs at a time. The road to the port, where the
logs are unloaded, is approximately 2 km, and the logs are transported by trucks. One
truck can carry 20 m
3 of logs in a single trip. The grapple loaders transfer the logs on
the small barges to the trucks and from the trucks to outbound barges at the
respective locations.
The bone-dry density of the wood is 473 kg/m
3 ; however, the wood density is
850 kg/m
3 with a moisture content (wet base) of 44.4% when shipped. The wood is
not debarked.
The energy input in this estimate is derived from the fuel required for directly
harvesting and transporting the wood logs. It does not include the transport of the
machinery or the indirect energy consumption of the machinery. The energy
obtained from the wood was calculated from the moisture content of the wood
(U.S. DOE 2011) and the heat content of 22.6 MJ/kg of dry wood (Hanum and
van der Maesen 1997). This calculation resulted in an energy requirement of
14,236 MJ for 1 ha of wood production.
The energy obtained from the harvested wood in 1 ha was 781,382 MJ. Therefore, the EPR, in this case, was estimated to be 54.9.
6.8 Social Design in Harvesting Sun Societies in the Tropics
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) presents four scenarios that explore
reasonable aspects of global futures and their implications for ecosystem services
(ESs): Global Orchestration, Order from Strength, Adapting Mosaic, and
TechnoGarden. According to these 4 land management scenarios, we present a
slice model of the equator, covering the land use and land management of the
tropics, applying several elements and criteria (Fig. 6.16), as follows.
1. Regional-global and proactive-reactive axes, on which the Global Orchestration,
Order from Strength, Adapting Mosaic, and TechnoGarden scenarios are
categorized.
2. Renewable energy-fossil fuel axis.
3. Natural capital-anthropological capital axis.
We then classify these elements and criteria into three social systems: TREE,
BUSH, and STUMP.
TREE: The water–TREE–carbon system is the key system and depends on natural
capital.
BUSH: A TREE system was destroyed and is partially rehabilitated and restored.
234
M. Osaki et al.