(including illegal logging), dissolved organic carbon, water potential of plants, forest
fire, etc. After obtaining this information, we are able to visualize the situation via
3D mapping, 3D printing, and digital direct manufacturing modeling. These summarized technologies are known as the “integrated monitoring, reporting, and
verifying” (iMRV) system. We describe this iMRV and introduce use of the
information based on the iMRV system. The iMRV system applied in peatlands
should be “simple, low cost, high quality, and easy to maintain” because it is
meaningless if these technologies are not widely used by national, local governments, and communities.
In this work, we focus on the iMRV system, how to apply it, and how to use it on
the tropical peatland. However, the iMRV system is easily applied to other ecosystems in the tropics (tropical zone) because the sensing/monitoring system is same
among tropical ecosystems, and because the parameter values differ among tropical
ecosystems, we can develop our own ecological models by applying data from direct
monitoring on the ground or ground truth.
Finally, we propose the “international Equator observation system (iEOS),”
which is composed of several sensing systems. In future, the minimum unit should
come as a consequence following system such as hypersensor, synthetic aperture
radar /phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR-PALSAR),
3D-photogrammetry, and green house gas (GHG) sensor. iEOS is necessary because
the Equator and the tropics are the key to Earth (planetary) boundary conservation
and are the most dynamic ecosystems. Because the tropics zone is frequently
covered with heavy clouds, we must apply a series of short-term mosaic single
scenes by binding patches of clearance, for which frequent observation is an
essential issue. The iEOS is primarily composed of microsatellites, the price of
which has drastically decreased, but it is still a high-cost item for maintenance by
each tropical country. Therefore, the network of the iEOS is necessary from the
aspect of cost performance in natural capital evaluation and enhancement of the
natural capital value in the tropics.
5.2 Integrated MRV (Monitoring, Reporting,
and Verifying) [iMRV] System
At the local level, ground-based observations might be possible, but at the regional
and global scales, observations are highly difficult. Because the distribution of
tropical peatland is vast and widespread across tropical Southeast Asia, Africa,
and South America, for large-scale monitoring, the MRV (monitoring, reporting,
and verifying) system is an essential consideration. Although much discussion has
focused on the MRV, in this section, we consider an integrated MRV [iMRV] that
can obtain and monitor useful information for proper peatland management
(Fig. 5.1). The iMRV system should contain several key functions for proper
5 Evaluation of Eco-Management of Tropical Peatlands
165
fire, etc. After obtaining this information, we are able to visualize the situation via
3D mapping, 3D printing, and digital direct manufacturing modeling. These summarized technologies are known as the “integrated monitoring, reporting, and
verifying” (iMRV) system. We describe this iMRV and introduce use of the
information based on the iMRV system. The iMRV system applied in peatlands
should be “simple, low cost, high quality, and easy to maintain” because it is
meaningless if these technologies are not widely used by national, local governments, and communities.
In this work, we focus on the iMRV system, how to apply it, and how to use it on
the tropical peatland. However, the iMRV system is easily applied to other ecosystems in the tropics (tropical zone) because the sensing/monitoring system is same
among tropical ecosystems, and because the parameter values differ among tropical
ecosystems, we can develop our own ecological models by applying data from direct
monitoring on the ground or ground truth.
Finally, we propose the “international Equator observation system (iEOS),”
which is composed of several sensing systems. In future, the minimum unit should
come as a consequence following system such as hypersensor, synthetic aperture
radar /phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR-PALSAR),
3D-photogrammetry, and green house gas (GHG) sensor. iEOS is necessary because
the Equator and the tropics are the key to Earth (planetary) boundary conservation
and are the most dynamic ecosystems. Because the tropics zone is frequently
covered with heavy clouds, we must apply a series of short-term mosaic single
scenes by binding patches of clearance, for which frequent observation is an
essential issue. The iEOS is primarily composed of microsatellites, the price of
which has drastically decreased, but it is still a high-cost item for maintenance by
each tropical country. Therefore, the network of the iEOS is necessary from the
aspect of cost performance in natural capital evaluation and enhancement of the
natural capital value in the tropics.
5.2 Integrated MRV (Monitoring, Reporting,
and Verifying) [iMRV] System
At the local level, ground-based observations might be possible, but at the regional
and global scales, observations are highly difficult. Because the distribution of
tropical peatland is vast and widespread across tropical Southeast Asia, Africa,
and South America, for large-scale monitoring, the MRV (monitoring, reporting,
and verifying) system is an essential consideration. Although much discussion has
focused on the MRV, in this section, we consider an integrated MRV [iMRV] that
can obtain and monitor useful information for proper peatland management
(Fig. 5.1). The iMRV system should contain several key functions for proper
5 Evaluation of Eco-Management of Tropical Peatlands
165