which can cause them to become highly vulnerable and irreversible. An “integrated
monitoring, reporting, and verifying” (iMRV) system for tropical peatland has
become an urgent issue for management, evaluation, and monitoring of peatland
dynamics. Because the tropical peatland ecosystem is dynamic, the iMRV system
must address the four elements of (1) water and carbon, (2) biomass production
and biodiversity, (3) deforestation and forest degradation, and (4) climate change
and human impact. The innovative new iMRV system must deliver (1) real-time and
high frequency, (2) high resolution (less than 1 Â 1 m), (3) high-number and widerange spectral bands such as hypersensors and PALSAR (phased array type L-band
synthetic aperture radar), (4) 3-dimensional analysis, and (5) cost performance.
Certain sensing/monitoring systems are available depending on the altitude from
targeting fields: ground truth (monitoring), drone/unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV),
and satellites.
Finally, this work proposes the “international Equator observation system
(iEOS)” composed of several sensing systems. However, in the future, the minimum
unit should consist of hypersensors, PALSAR, 3D photogrammetry, and GHG
sensors. iEOS is necessary because the Equator and the tropics are key features of
Earth (planetary) boundary conservation, which is impacted by the most dynamic
ecosystems and few sensing scenes unaffected by heavy clouds.
Keywords iEOS (international Equator observation system) · iMRV (integrated
monitoring reporting and verifying) · HISUI (Hyperspectral Imager SUIte) ·
PALSAR (phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar) · SAR (synthetic
aperture radar)
5.1 Introduction
Tropical peatlands perform the function of maintaining ecosystem sustainability and
substantial water reserves for the entire area, even during the dry season. In contrast,
the ecosystem of a tropical peatland is highly vulnerable and irreversible whenever
the water balance is lost in a peatland. Thus, an essential key to tropical peat
management is maintenance of a year-round water balance, considering the characteristics of the peat ecosystem. The tropical peatland is a dynamic ecosystem, and
therefore, frequent and regular, i.e., (semi-)real-time, observations are required to
determine the actual current ecosystem condition.
When a “stock-based water management” (stock-based WM) system is applied
(see Chap. 2), the most critical objective is to ensure that water and peat conditions
are monitored on a regular basis because the management system must maintain both
high groundwater level (GWL) and excellent plant growth. A system for monitoring
of tropical peatland and forest is highly important in evaluation of the peatland
ecosystem and eco-management. In this work, depending on the land surface, we
require several monitoring systems: ground truth, drone/unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAV), aircraft, and satellite. Additionally, we need sensors (measuring tool) that
depend on the purpose: GWL, peat subsidence, vegetation type, forest degradation
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N. Tsuji et al.
monitoring, reporting, and verifying” (iMRV) system for tropical peatland has
become an urgent issue for management, evaluation, and monitoring of peatland
dynamics. Because the tropical peatland ecosystem is dynamic, the iMRV system
must address the four elements of (1) water and carbon, (2) biomass production
and biodiversity, (3) deforestation and forest degradation, and (4) climate change
and human impact. The innovative new iMRV system must deliver (1) real-time and
high frequency, (2) high resolution (less than 1 Â 1 m), (3) high-number and widerange spectral bands such as hypersensors and PALSAR (phased array type L-band
synthetic aperture radar), (4) 3-dimensional analysis, and (5) cost performance.
Certain sensing/monitoring systems are available depending on the altitude from
targeting fields: ground truth (monitoring), drone/unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV),
and satellites.
Finally, this work proposes the “international Equator observation system
(iEOS)” composed of several sensing systems. However, in the future, the minimum
unit should consist of hypersensors, PALSAR, 3D photogrammetry, and GHG
sensors. iEOS is necessary because the Equator and the tropics are key features of
Earth (planetary) boundary conservation, which is impacted by the most dynamic
ecosystems and few sensing scenes unaffected by heavy clouds.
Keywords iEOS (international Equator observation system) · iMRV (integrated
monitoring reporting and verifying) · HISUI (Hyperspectral Imager SUIte) ·
PALSAR (phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar) · SAR (synthetic
aperture radar)
5.1 Introduction
Tropical peatlands perform the function of maintaining ecosystem sustainability and
substantial water reserves for the entire area, even during the dry season. In contrast,
the ecosystem of a tropical peatland is highly vulnerable and irreversible whenever
the water balance is lost in a peatland. Thus, an essential key to tropical peat
management is maintenance of a year-round water balance, considering the characteristics of the peat ecosystem. The tropical peatland is a dynamic ecosystem, and
therefore, frequent and regular, i.e., (semi-)real-time, observations are required to
determine the actual current ecosystem condition.
When a “stock-based water management” (stock-based WM) system is applied
(see Chap. 2), the most critical objective is to ensure that water and peat conditions
are monitored on a regular basis because the management system must maintain both
high groundwater level (GWL) and excellent plant growth. A system for monitoring
of tropical peatland and forest is highly important in evaluation of the peatland
ecosystem and eco-management. In this work, depending on the land surface, we
require several monitoring systems: ground truth, drone/unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAV), aircraft, and satellite. Additionally, we need sensors (measuring tool) that
depend on the purpose: GWL, peat subsidence, vegetation type, forest degradation
164
N. Tsuji et al.