Bugis, Chinese, and other ethnic groups (to be submitted). Meanwhile, WSL is
located in the Kubu Raya district with no village inside the concession area, but six
villages are located around the concession. The villages are dominated by Javanese
(51%), followed by Malay (32%), Dayak (11%), Sundanese, Bugis, Chinese, and
other ethnic groups. The large Javanese population is the result of a transmigration
program in the 1980s, which continued until 2013.
Based on a study conducted by WSL, the professions of most members of the
communities are farmers (51.7%), employees or civil servants (20%), laborers
(21.3%), merchants or entrepreneurs (4.7%), and fishermen (1.7%). There are
several other professions, but the numbers are not significant. In transmigration
areas, rice farming is an important part of the community’s economic system.
Conversely, there are three primary employment categories in MTI, which are
farmers and planters (35.2%), laborers (29.6%), and civil servants, full time and
temporary employees (29%). The large population of laborers, workers, and
employees, almost 60%, indicates changes in the work structure have occurred in
this region. Other professions that are not very large include merchants, fishermen,
ranchers, miners, and other types of work.
Concerning religions, the composition of religions in villages around WSL-MTI
is often associated with ethnic groups. Malays are predominantly Muslim, Dayak
adheres to Christianity, Javanese are mostly Muslim, and Chinese adhere to Buddhism. Since WSL is dominated by Javanese and Malay ethnic groups, most of the
population around WSL are Muslim (84%). Meanwhile, in MTI there are four
religions adhered to by the communities, which are Muslim, Protestant, Catholic,
and Buddhism. Muslims are generally ethnic Malay, Bugis, and Javanese. Since
MTI is dominated by Dayak ethnicity, communities that adhere to Christian (Protestant and Catholic) are approximately 93%.
4.4.2 A Case Study: Agroforestry and Charcoal Making
with Native Species
Traditional methods of land clearing by small farmers and indigenous groups have
historically been described as relatively small-scale and well-managed, despite using
fire (Tomich et al. 1998; Bowen et al. 2000). In recent years, however, population
growth and the widespread use of rubber trees and oil palms have increased the scale
of land-clearing fires (Stolle et al. 2003). As noted above, the ethnicities, cultures,
and religions within and outside the WSL-MTI concessions are diverse and not
uniform. Therefore, coexistence with local populations should not be considered a
uniform approach, but rather one that is specific to each locality.
To explore coexistence with the local community and contribute to the local
community’s development, WSL-MTI first conducted a social survey and a vegetation survey around the villages. As a result, MTI was fortunate to find a pioneer tree
148
T. Kato et al.
located in the Kubu Raya district with no village inside the concession area, but six
villages are located around the concession. The villages are dominated by Javanese
(51%), followed by Malay (32%), Dayak (11%), Sundanese, Bugis, Chinese, and
other ethnic groups. The large Javanese population is the result of a transmigration
program in the 1980s, which continued until 2013.
Based on a study conducted by WSL, the professions of most members of the
communities are farmers (51.7%), employees or civil servants (20%), laborers
(21.3%), merchants or entrepreneurs (4.7%), and fishermen (1.7%). There are
several other professions, but the numbers are not significant. In transmigration
areas, rice farming is an important part of the community’s economic system.
Conversely, there are three primary employment categories in MTI, which are
farmers and planters (35.2%), laborers (29.6%), and civil servants, full time and
temporary employees (29%). The large population of laborers, workers, and
employees, almost 60%, indicates changes in the work structure have occurred in
this region. Other professions that are not very large include merchants, fishermen,
ranchers, miners, and other types of work.
Concerning religions, the composition of religions in villages around WSL-MTI
is often associated with ethnic groups. Malays are predominantly Muslim, Dayak
adheres to Christianity, Javanese are mostly Muslim, and Chinese adhere to Buddhism. Since WSL is dominated by Javanese and Malay ethnic groups, most of the
population around WSL are Muslim (84%). Meanwhile, in MTI there are four
religions adhered to by the communities, which are Muslim, Protestant, Catholic,
and Buddhism. Muslims are generally ethnic Malay, Bugis, and Javanese. Since
MTI is dominated by Dayak ethnicity, communities that adhere to Christian (Protestant and Catholic) are approximately 93%.
4.4.2 A Case Study: Agroforestry and Charcoal Making
with Native Species
Traditional methods of land clearing by small farmers and indigenous groups have
historically been described as relatively small-scale and well-managed, despite using
fire (Tomich et al. 1998; Bowen et al. 2000). In recent years, however, population
growth and the widespread use of rubber trees and oil palms have increased the scale
of land-clearing fires (Stolle et al. 2003). As noted above, the ethnicities, cultures,
and religions within and outside the WSL-MTI concessions are diverse and not
uniform. Therefore, coexistence with local populations should not be considered a
uniform approach, but rather one that is specific to each locality.
To explore coexistence with the local community and contribute to the local
community’s development, WSL-MTI first conducted a social survey and a vegetation survey around the villages. As a result, MTI was fortunate to find a pioneer tree
148
T. Kato et al.