11 Application of Accelerators and Storage Rings
779
analysis system will make possible the selection of several charge states for further
acceleration. Additional RF-cavities will help to optimize the longitudinal matching
to linac section 2. This system will provide efficient acceleration of all beams.
The post-stripper linac will be built with two types of Half-Wave Resonators
(HWR) with β opt = 0.285 and 0.53 operating at a frequency of 322 MHz. The four
cavity types will be able to efficiently cover the full velocity range from β ~ 0.025
to β ~ 0.57 (E/A ≥ 200 MeV/u). Transverse focusing in the linac structures will be
performed using superconducting 9T solenoids. With this condition, linac sections
2 and 3 will be able to accept several charge states (e.g. five charge states from
77+ to 81+ for uranium), and hence most of the intensity of the stripped beam
charge state distribution for further acceleration. For purposes of hands-on machine
maintenance, the specification for uncontrolled beam loss has been set to 1 W/m.
The high-power beam will be transferred to RIB production target systems,
which are followed by a large-acceptance fragment separator with three stages
of separation. The experimental area will reuse the existing NSCL experimental
facilities. The fragments will be either transported to experimental set-ups for fast
radioactive beams or slowed down using a gas-stopping system. Stopped isotopes
can be investigated in traps or transferred to a charge breeder and then re-accelerated
to low or medium energies up to 12 MeV/u (ReA12) [262].
The cryogenic facility, ECR, and RF support facilities are located above the linac
tunnel, which according to plans will be about 13 m underground.
The project includes several upgrade options. Space will be left in the linac tunnel
to make possible the addition of cryomodules; this will allow the beam energy to be
upgraded to 400 MeV/u. In addition, the facility will include a path for a beam line
to an optional ISOL production area that might be added in the future. There will
also be space to add a light-ion injector and fast beam-switching system to make
simultaneous multiple use of the FRIB possible. Construction of FRIB started in
2014. The project should be completed by 2022, with a possible early completion
in 2021.
Cyclotron Facility at the Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions (FLNR)
Dubna
The Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions, now named Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear
Reactions (FLNR) in Dubna, Russia, was founded in the Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research (JINR) in Dubna in 1957 [266]. For more than 40 years, classical and
isochronous cyclotrons have been used there for the acceleration of heavy ions
for nuclear physics research and heavy ion beam applications. Two isochronous
cyclotrons (U400 and U400M) are used for heavy ion nuclear physics. The U400
(K = 625) has been in operation since 1978. In 1996 it was upgraded; the Penning
ion source was replaced by an ECR ion source [267]. The synthesis of super
heavy elements, predominantly using 48 Ca-beams, was and is still the main research
approach there [268]. Steady improvement of 48 Ca-beams allowed to successfully
synthesise new elements from Z = 114 to 118. A review of the discovery of superheavy nuclei at FLNR, JINR is presented in [149].
779
analysis system will make possible the selection of several charge states for further
acceleration. Additional RF-cavities will help to optimize the longitudinal matching
to linac section 2. This system will provide efficient acceleration of all beams.
The post-stripper linac will be built with two types of Half-Wave Resonators
(HWR) with β opt = 0.285 and 0.53 operating at a frequency of 322 MHz. The four
cavity types will be able to efficiently cover the full velocity range from β ~ 0.025
to β ~ 0.57 (E/A ≥ 200 MeV/u). Transverse focusing in the linac structures will be
performed using superconducting 9T solenoids. With this condition, linac sections
2 and 3 will be able to accept several charge states (e.g. five charge states from
77+ to 81+ for uranium), and hence most of the intensity of the stripped beam
charge state distribution for further acceleration. For purposes of hands-on machine
maintenance, the specification for uncontrolled beam loss has been set to 1 W/m.
The high-power beam will be transferred to RIB production target systems,
which are followed by a large-acceptance fragment separator with three stages
of separation. The experimental area will reuse the existing NSCL experimental
facilities. The fragments will be either transported to experimental set-ups for fast
radioactive beams or slowed down using a gas-stopping system. Stopped isotopes
can be investigated in traps or transferred to a charge breeder and then re-accelerated
to low or medium energies up to 12 MeV/u (ReA12) [262].
The cryogenic facility, ECR, and RF support facilities are located above the linac
tunnel, which according to plans will be about 13 m underground.
The project includes several upgrade options. Space will be left in the linac tunnel
to make possible the addition of cryomodules; this will allow the beam energy to be
upgraded to 400 MeV/u. In addition, the facility will include a path for a beam line
to an optional ISOL production area that might be added in the future. There will
also be space to add a light-ion injector and fast beam-switching system to make
simultaneous multiple use of the FRIB possible. Construction of FRIB started in
2014. The project should be completed by 2022, with a possible early completion
in 2021.
Cyclotron Facility at the Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions (FLNR)
Dubna
The Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions, now named Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear
Reactions (FLNR) in Dubna, Russia, was founded in the Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research (JINR) in Dubna in 1957 [266]. For more than 40 years, classical and
isochronous cyclotrons have been used there for the acceleration of heavy ions
for nuclear physics research and heavy ion beam applications. Two isochronous
cyclotrons (U400 and U400M) are used for heavy ion nuclear physics. The U400
(K = 625) has been in operation since 1978. In 1996 it was upgraded; the Penning
ion source was replaced by an ECR ion source [267]. The synthesis of super
heavy elements, predominantly using 48 Ca-beams, was and is still the main research
approach there [268]. Steady improvement of 48 Ca-beams allowed to successfully
synthesise new elements from Z = 114 to 118. A review of the discovery of superheavy nuclei at FLNR, JINR is presented in [149].