712
M. Dohlus et al.
energy moving the stripping foil along the cyclotron radius to adapt to the different
nuclear reactions.
The commercial cyclotrons available today are presented here in two lists,
Table 11.3 describes the cyclotrons in the range between 10 and 20 MeV, which
correspond to the vast majority of machines today in operation for PET applications;
Table 11.4 describes the cyclotrons with energies of 22 MeV and above for a more
general use.
Besides cyclotrons, other particle accelerators have been considered for medical
applications. Studies for low energy, high current accelerators have been financed in
the 1980s, by the Star Wars program of the US Department of Defense. RFQ accelerators have been designed to obtain beam intensities of hundreds of milliampere at
energies below 10 MeV. In the framework of the same program a 3.7 MeV, 750 μA
Tandem Cascade Accelerator was designed, realized, and put into operation by
Table 11.3 Characteristics of commercial cyclotrons for range energies 10–20 MeV (from [53,
56, 57])
Company
Model
Description
Advanced Cyclotron
Systems, Inc.
TR 14
11–14 MeV H − , 100 μA
TR 19
14–19 MeV H − , 300 μA
Advanced Biomarkers
Technology
BG-75
7.5 MeV H + , 5 μA
Best Cyclotron System, Inc.
15
15 MeV H − , 400 μA
China Inst. Atomic Energy
CYCCIAE14 14 MeV H − , 400 μA
D.V. Efremov Institute
CC-18/9
18 MeV H − , 9 MeV D − , 100 μA
EuroMeV
Isotrace
12 MeV H − , 100 μA
General Electric Healthcare
MiniTrace
9.6 MeV H − , 50 μA
PETrace
16.5 MeV H − , 8.6 MeV D − , 100 μA
Ion Beam Applications
Cyclone 3
3.8 MeV D + , 60 μA
Cyclone 10/5 10 MeV H − , 150 μA, 5 MeV D − ,
Cyclone 11
11 MeV H + , 120 μA
Cyclone 18/9 18 MeV H − , 9 MeV D − , 150 μA
Japan Steel Works
BC168
16 MeV H + , 8 MeV D + , 50 μA
BC1710
17 MeV H + , 10 MeV D + , 60 μA
BC2010N
20 MeV H − , 10 MeV D − , 60 μA
KIRAMS
Kirams-13
13 MeV H + , 100 μA
Oxford Instrument Co.
OSCAR 12
12 MeV H − , 60 μA
Scanditronix Medical AB
MC17
17.2 MeV H + , 8.3 MeV D + , 60 μA 12
MeV 3He ++ , 16.5 4He ++ , 60 μA
Siemens
Eclipse
11 MeV H − , 2 × 60 μA
Sumitomo Heavy Industries
HM 7
7.5 MeV H − , 3.8 MeV D −
HM 10
9.6 MeV H − , 4.8 MeV D −
HM 12
12 MeV H − , 6 MeV D − , 60 μA
HM 18
18 MeV H − , 10 MeV D − , 90 μA
M. Dohlus et al.
energy moving the stripping foil along the cyclotron radius to adapt to the different
nuclear reactions.
The commercial cyclotrons available today are presented here in two lists,
Table 11.3 describes the cyclotrons in the range between 10 and 20 MeV, which
correspond to the vast majority of machines today in operation for PET applications;
Table 11.4 describes the cyclotrons with energies of 22 MeV and above for a more
general use.
Besides cyclotrons, other particle accelerators have been considered for medical
applications. Studies for low energy, high current accelerators have been financed in
the 1980s, by the Star Wars program of the US Department of Defense. RFQ accelerators have been designed to obtain beam intensities of hundreds of milliampere at
energies below 10 MeV. In the framework of the same program a 3.7 MeV, 750 μA
Tandem Cascade Accelerator was designed, realized, and put into operation by
Table 11.3 Characteristics of commercial cyclotrons for range energies 10–20 MeV (from [53,
56, 57])
Company
Model
Description
Advanced Cyclotron
Systems, Inc.
TR 14
11–14 MeV H − , 100 μA
TR 19
14–19 MeV H − , 300 μA
Advanced Biomarkers
Technology
BG-75
7.5 MeV H + , 5 μA
Best Cyclotron System, Inc.
15
15 MeV H − , 400 μA
China Inst. Atomic Energy
CYCCIAE14 14 MeV H − , 400 μA
D.V. Efremov Institute
CC-18/9
18 MeV H − , 9 MeV D − , 100 μA
EuroMeV
Isotrace
12 MeV H − , 100 μA
General Electric Healthcare
MiniTrace
9.6 MeV H − , 50 μA
PETrace
16.5 MeV H − , 8.6 MeV D − , 100 μA
Ion Beam Applications
Cyclone 3
3.8 MeV D + , 60 μA
Cyclone 10/5 10 MeV H − , 150 μA, 5 MeV D − ,
Cyclone 11
11 MeV H + , 120 μA
Cyclone 18/9 18 MeV H − , 9 MeV D − , 150 μA
Japan Steel Works
BC168
16 MeV H + , 8 MeV D + , 50 μA
BC1710
17 MeV H + , 10 MeV D + , 60 μA
BC2010N
20 MeV H − , 10 MeV D − , 60 μA
KIRAMS
Kirams-13
13 MeV H + , 100 μA
Oxford Instrument Co.
OSCAR 12
12 MeV H − , 60 μA
Scanditronix Medical AB
MC17
17.2 MeV H + , 8.3 MeV D + , 60 μA 12
MeV 3He ++ , 16.5 4He ++ , 60 μA
Siemens
Eclipse
11 MeV H − , 2 × 60 μA
Sumitomo Heavy Industries
HM 7
7.5 MeV H − , 3.8 MeV D −
HM 10
9.6 MeV H − , 4.8 MeV D −
HM 12
12 MeV H − , 6 MeV D − , 60 μA
HM 18
18 MeV H − , 10 MeV D − , 90 μA