596
K. Hübner et al.
so that AA could be simplified but had its cooling systems upgraded. With these
measures the antiproton production rate could be raised to more than 1 × 10 12 per
day.
The SPS required a number of modifications: the vacuum ion pumps were
doubled and Ti-sublimation pumps added resulting in a reduction of pressure
from 2 × 10 −7 to 6 × 10 −9 Torr; an electrostatic deflector separated the beams
horizontally at injection; the magnet lattice included two low-beta sections for
focusing the beam in the two interaction points; the RF travelling wave structures
at 200 MHz had to accelerate particles travelling in both directions, and two
underground experimental areas had to be constructed [61]. The initial beam energy
was raised from 273 to 315 GeV after an upgrade of the magnet cooling. Towards
the end of the operation, the SPS was cycled between 100 and 450 GeV, thus
providing collisions at 900 GeV c.m. The performance of the collider was steadily
increased during its lifetime by the upgrade of the antiproton injectors, in particular
after the commissioning of AC; by adding electrostatic deflectors allowing to raise
the number of bunches per beam from three to six avoiding collisions except in
the two experiments and in the mid-arc between them; by the installation of a
100 MHz RF system to increase the acceptance at injection. Hence, the average
initial luminosity and the centre-of-mass energy rose from 0.05 × 10 30 at 546 GeV
in 1982 to 3 × 10 30 cm −2 s −1 at 630 GeV with β ∗ (h/v) at 0.6 m/0.15 m in 1991,
the last year of collider operation. The collider collected an integrated luminosity of
17 pb −1 during its lifetime [59].
10.1.6.1 Acknowledgement
Thanks to Karel Cornelis (CERN) for his critical reading and useful suggestions.
10.1.7 Tevatron of Fermi National Laboratory (FNAL)
The study of superconducting magnets started in 1972 in view of doubling the
proton energy available at FNAL by adding another accelerator in the tunnel of
the Main Ring (MR). In the same year, MR equipped with conventional magnets
had reached its design energy producing 200 GeV protons. Since a magnet study
had shown the feasibility of ramped superconducting magnets of 4–5 T, the official
design study of this new accelerator, the Tevatron, with the MR as injector was
launched in 1974 under the leadership of R.R. Wilson. Project authorization was
granted in 1979 and the accelerator reached 512 GeV during commissioning in
1983 with the MR operating at 150 GeV as injector [62]. The accelerator was then
routinely used between 1983 and 2000 in eight runs for fixed-target physics in the
three experimental areas dedicated to physics with mesons, neutrinos, and protons
respectively. The beam energy was 800 GeV except in the first run (400 GeV) and
K. Hübner et al.
so that AA could be simplified but had its cooling systems upgraded. With these
measures the antiproton production rate could be raised to more than 1 × 10 12 per
day.
The SPS required a number of modifications: the vacuum ion pumps were
doubled and Ti-sublimation pumps added resulting in a reduction of pressure
from 2 × 10 −7 to 6 × 10 −9 Torr; an electrostatic deflector separated the beams
horizontally at injection; the magnet lattice included two low-beta sections for
focusing the beam in the two interaction points; the RF travelling wave structures
at 200 MHz had to accelerate particles travelling in both directions, and two
underground experimental areas had to be constructed [61]. The initial beam energy
was raised from 273 to 315 GeV after an upgrade of the magnet cooling. Towards
the end of the operation, the SPS was cycled between 100 and 450 GeV, thus
providing collisions at 900 GeV c.m. The performance of the collider was steadily
increased during its lifetime by the upgrade of the antiproton injectors, in particular
after the commissioning of AC; by adding electrostatic deflectors allowing to raise
the number of bunches per beam from three to six avoiding collisions except in
the two experiments and in the mid-arc between them; by the installation of a
100 MHz RF system to increase the acceptance at injection. Hence, the average
initial luminosity and the centre-of-mass energy rose from 0.05 × 10 30 at 546 GeV
in 1982 to 3 × 10 30 cm −2 s −1 at 630 GeV with β ∗ (h/v) at 0.6 m/0.15 m in 1991,
the last year of collider operation. The collider collected an integrated luminosity of
17 pb −1 during its lifetime [59].
10.1.6.1 Acknowledgement
Thanks to Karel Cornelis (CERN) for his critical reading and useful suggestions.
10.1.7 Tevatron of Fermi National Laboratory (FNAL)
The study of superconducting magnets started in 1972 in view of doubling the
proton energy available at FNAL by adding another accelerator in the tunnel of
the Main Ring (MR). In the same year, MR equipped with conventional magnets
had reached its design energy producing 200 GeV protons. Since a magnet study
had shown the feasibility of ramped superconducting magnets of 4–5 T, the official
design study of this new accelerator, the Tevatron, with the MR as injector was
launched in 1974 under the leadership of R.R. Wilson. Project authorization was
granted in 1979 and the accelerator reached 512 GeV during commissioning in
1983 with the MR operating at 150 GeV as injector [62]. The accelerator was then
routinely used between 1983 and 2000 in eight runs for fixed-target physics in the
three experimental areas dedicated to physics with mesons, neutrinos, and protons
respectively. The beam energy was 800 GeV except in the first run (400 GeV) and