274
P. Veerakumar et al.
Fig. 7.2 Pristine graphene and graphene-derived solids. (Reproduced from Ref. [52] with permission from the American Chemical Society)
basal plane and at the edges of sheets, as displayed in Fig. 7.2d. The heteroatomdoped graphene or GOs act as catalyst support, in which both the irregularities and
residual O-containing groups play a vital role during reaction mechanism in organic
transformations and other reactions.
7.3.1 Active Sites of Graphene-Based Metal-Free Catalysts
Generally, graphene-based materials have been widely studied the field of metal-free
catalysis due to the outstanding electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties [57].
The unprecedented features of metal-free catalysts, which are believed to account
for their superior catalytic performance, have been studied by computation methods.
The perfect pure graphene essentially exhibits very low catalytic activities, because
of the low density of states around the Fermi level, but it is active at the defects
and edges [58]. An effective way is to reduce the lateral size in order to increase the
active edges. Nevertheless, in-plane structure of graphene bears a very low chemical
activity, which may be apparently enhanced by doping different heteroatoms such
P. Veerakumar et al.
Fig. 7.2 Pristine graphene and graphene-derived solids. (Reproduced from Ref. [52] with permission from the American Chemical Society)
basal plane and at the edges of sheets, as displayed in Fig. 7.2d. The heteroatomdoped graphene or GOs act as catalyst support, in which both the irregularities and
residual O-containing groups play a vital role during reaction mechanism in organic
transformations and other reactions.
7.3.1 Active Sites of Graphene-Based Metal-Free Catalysts
Generally, graphene-based materials have been widely studied the field of metal-free
catalysis due to the outstanding electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties [57].
The unprecedented features of metal-free catalysts, which are believed to account
for their superior catalytic performance, have been studied by computation methods.
The perfect pure graphene essentially exhibits very low catalytic activities, because
of the low density of states around the Fermi level, but it is active at the defects
and edges [58]. An effective way is to reduce the lateral size in order to increase the
active edges. Nevertheless, in-plane structure of graphene bears a very low chemical
activity, which may be apparently enhanced by doping different heteroatoms such