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with efficient near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion for high-contrast deep tissue
bioimaging. ACS Nano 6:8280–8287
46. Wang L, Zhu SJ, Wang HY, Qu SN, Zhang YL, Zhang JH, Chen QD, Xu HL, Han W,
Yang B, Sun HB (2014) Common origin of green luminescence in carbon nanodots and
graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano 8:2541–2547
47. Zhu SJ, Song YB, Zhao XH, Shao JR, Zhang JH, Yang B (2015) The photoluminescence
mechanism in carbon dots (graphene quantum dots, carbon nanodots, and polymer dots):
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48. Lim SY, Shen W, Gao ZQ (2015) Carbon quantum dots and their applications. Chem Soc Rev
44:362–381
49. Sun YP, Zhou B, Lin Y, Wang W, Fernando KAS, Pathak P, Meziani MJ, Harruff BA,
Wang X, Wang HF, Luo PJG, Yang H, Kose ME, Chen BL, Veca LM, Xie SY (2006)
Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. J Am Chem Soc
128:7756–7757
50. Cao L, Wang X, Meziani MJ, Lu FS, Wang HF, Luo PJG, Lin Y, Harruff BA, Veca LM,
Murray D, Xie SY, Sun YP (2007) Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging. J Am Chem Soc
129:11318–11319
51. Baker SN, Baker GA (2010) Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew
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52. Wang X, Cao L, Yang ST, Lu FS, Meziani MJ, Tian LL, Sun KW, Bloodgood MA, Sun YP
(2010) Bandgap-like strong fluorescence in functionalized carbon nanoparticles. Angew
Chem-Int Edit 49:5310–5314
53. Cao L, Yang ST, Wang X, Luo PJG, Liu JH, Sahu S, Liu YM, Sun YP (2012) Competitive
performance of carbon “quantum” dots in optical bioimaging. Theranostics 2:295–301
54. Liu S, Tian JQ, Wang L, Zhang YW, Qin XY, Luo YL, Asiri AM, Al-Youbi AO, Sun XP
(2012) Hydrothermal treatment of grass: a low-cost, green route to nitrogen-doped, carbonrich, photoluminescent polymer nanodots as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for
label-free detection of cu(II) ions. Adv Mater 24:2037–2041
55. Zhang J, Yuan Y, Liang GL, Yu SH (2015) Scale-up synthesis of fragrant nitrogen-doped
carbon dots from bee pollens for bioimaging and catalysis. Adv Sci 2(4):1500002
56. Pal T, Mohiyuddin S, Packirisamy G (2018) Facile and green synthesis of multicolor fluorescence carbon dots from curcumin: in vitro and in vivo bioimaging and other applications. ACS
Omega 3:831–843
57. Park JH, Gu L, von Maltzahn G, Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN, Sailor MJ (2009) Biodegradable
luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nat Mater 8:331–336
58. Gu L, Hall DJ, Qin Z, Anglin E, Joo J, Mooney DJ, Howell SB, Sailor MJ (2013) In vivo timegated fluorescence imaging with biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles. Nat
Commun 4:2326
59. Cullis AG, Canham LT, Calcott PDJ (1997) The structural and luminescence properties of
porous silicon. J Appl Phys 82:909–965
60. Tasciotti E, Liu X, Bhavane R, Plant K, Leonard AD, Price BK, Cheng MM-C, Decuzzi P,
Tour JM, Robertson F, Ferrari M (2008) Mesoporous silicon particles as a multistage delivery
system for imaging and therapeutic applications. Nat Nanotechnol 3:151
61. Karaman DS, Sarparanta MP, Rosenholm JM, Airaksinen AJ (2018) Multimodality imaging
of silica and silicon materials in vivo. Adv Mater 30:e1703651
62. Li W, Liu Z, Fontana F, Ding Y, Liu D, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA (2018) Tailoring porous
silicon for biomedical applications: from drug delivery to cancer immunotherapy. Adv Mater
30:e1703740
63. Eustis S, El-Sayed MA (2006) Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold:
noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative
properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem Soc Rev 35:209–217
Inorganic Fluorescent Nanomaterials
77
Agren H, Prasad PN, Han G (2012) Alpha-NaYbF4:Tm(3+)/CaF2 core/shell nanoparticles
with efficient near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion for high-contrast deep tissue
bioimaging. ACS Nano 6:8280–8287
46. Wang L, Zhu SJ, Wang HY, Qu SN, Zhang YL, Zhang JH, Chen QD, Xu HL, Han W,
Yang B, Sun HB (2014) Common origin of green luminescence in carbon nanodots and
graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano 8:2541–2547
47. Zhu SJ, Song YB, Zhao XH, Shao JR, Zhang JH, Yang B (2015) The photoluminescence
mechanism in carbon dots (graphene quantum dots, carbon nanodots, and polymer dots):
current state and future perspective. Nano Res 8:355–381
48. Lim SY, Shen W, Gao ZQ (2015) Carbon quantum dots and their applications. Chem Soc Rev
44:362–381
49. Sun YP, Zhou B, Lin Y, Wang W, Fernando KAS, Pathak P, Meziani MJ, Harruff BA,
Wang X, Wang HF, Luo PJG, Yang H, Kose ME, Chen BL, Veca LM, Xie SY (2006)
Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. J Am Chem Soc
128:7756–7757
50. Cao L, Wang X, Meziani MJ, Lu FS, Wang HF, Luo PJG, Lin Y, Harruff BA, Veca LM,
Murray D, Xie SY, Sun YP (2007) Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging. J Am Chem Soc
129:11318–11319
51. Baker SN, Baker GA (2010) Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew
Chem-Int Edit 49:6726–6744
52. Wang X, Cao L, Yang ST, Lu FS, Meziani MJ, Tian LL, Sun KW, Bloodgood MA, Sun YP
(2010) Bandgap-like strong fluorescence in functionalized carbon nanoparticles. Angew
Chem-Int Edit 49:5310–5314
53. Cao L, Yang ST, Wang X, Luo PJG, Liu JH, Sahu S, Liu YM, Sun YP (2012) Competitive
performance of carbon “quantum” dots in optical bioimaging. Theranostics 2:295–301
54. Liu S, Tian JQ, Wang L, Zhang YW, Qin XY, Luo YL, Asiri AM, Al-Youbi AO, Sun XP
(2012) Hydrothermal treatment of grass: a low-cost, green route to nitrogen-doped, carbonrich, photoluminescent polymer nanodots as an effective fluorescent sensing platform for
label-free detection of cu(II) ions. Adv Mater 24:2037–2041
55. Zhang J, Yuan Y, Liang GL, Yu SH (2015) Scale-up synthesis of fragrant nitrogen-doped
carbon dots from bee pollens for bioimaging and catalysis. Adv Sci 2(4):1500002
56. Pal T, Mohiyuddin S, Packirisamy G (2018) Facile and green synthesis of multicolor fluorescence carbon dots from curcumin: in vitro and in vivo bioimaging and other applications. ACS
Omega 3:831–843
57. Park JH, Gu L, von Maltzahn G, Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN, Sailor MJ (2009) Biodegradable
luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nat Mater 8:331–336
58. Gu L, Hall DJ, Qin Z, Anglin E, Joo J, Mooney DJ, Howell SB, Sailor MJ (2013) In vivo timegated fluorescence imaging with biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles. Nat
Commun 4:2326
59. Cullis AG, Canham LT, Calcott PDJ (1997) The structural and luminescence properties of
porous silicon. J Appl Phys 82:909–965
60. Tasciotti E, Liu X, Bhavane R, Plant K, Leonard AD, Price BK, Cheng MM-C, Decuzzi P,
Tour JM, Robertson F, Ferrari M (2008) Mesoporous silicon particles as a multistage delivery
system for imaging and therapeutic applications. Nat Nanotechnol 3:151
61. Karaman DS, Sarparanta MP, Rosenholm JM, Airaksinen AJ (2018) Multimodality imaging
of silica and silicon materials in vivo. Adv Mater 30:e1703651
62. Li W, Liu Z, Fontana F, Ding Y, Liu D, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA (2018) Tailoring porous
silicon for biomedical applications: from drug delivery to cancer immunotherapy. Adv Mater
30:e1703740
63. Eustis S, El-Sayed MA (2006) Why gold nanoparticles are more precious than pretty gold:
noble metal surface plasmon resonance and its enhancement of the radiative and nonradiative
properties of nanocrystals of different shapes. Chem Soc Rev 35:209–217
Inorganic Fluorescent Nanomaterials
77