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66. Negishi Y, Takasugi Y, Sato S, Yao H, Kimura K, Tsukuda T (2004) Magic-numbered Au-n
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J Am Chem Soc 127:5261–5270
68. Wang GL, Huang T, Murray RW, Menard L, Nuzzo RG (2005) Near-IR luminescence of
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69. Palmal S, Basiruddin SK, Maity AR, Ray SC, Jana NR (2013) Thiol-directed synthesis
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70. Xie JP, Zheng YG, Ying JY (2009) Protein-directed synthesis of highly fluorescent gold
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71. Vosch T, Antoku Y, Hsiang JC, Richards CI, Gonzalez JI, Dickson RM (2007) Strongly
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:12616–12621
72. Wu Z, Jin R (2010) On the ligand’s role in the fluorescence of gold nanoclusters. Nano Lett
10:2568–2573
73. Duan HW, Nie SM (2007) Etching colloidal gold nanocrystals with hyperbranched and
multivalent polymers: a new route to fluorescent and water-soluble atomic clusters. J Am
Chem Soc 129:2412–2413
74. Wang HH, Lin CAJ, Lee CH, Lin YC, Tseng YM, Hsieh CL, Chen CH, Tsai CH, Hsieh CT,
Shen JL, Chan WH, Chang WH, Yeh HI (2011) Fluorescent gold nanoclusters as a biocompatible marker for in vitro and in vivo tracking of endothelial cells. ACS Nano 5:4337–4344
75. Wu X, He X, Wang K, Xie C, Zhou B, Qing Z (2010) Ultrasmall near-infrared gold
nanoclusters for tumor fluorescence imaging in vivo. Nanoscale 2:2244–2249
76. Yu MX, Zhou JC, Du BJ, Ning XH, Authement C, Gandee L, Kapur P, Hsieh JT, Zheng J
(2016) Noninvasive staging of kidney dysfunction enabled by renal-clearable luminescent
gold nanoparticles. Angew Chem-Int Edit 55:2787–2791
77. Mochalin VN, Shenderova O, Ho D, Gogotsi Y (2012) The properties and applications of
nanodiamonds. Nat Nanotechnol 7:11–23
78. Gruber A, Drabenstedt A, Tietz C, Fleury L, Wrachtrup J, vonBorczyskowski C (1997)
Scanning confocal optical microscopy and magnetic resonance on single defect centers.
Science 276:2012–2014
79. Yu SJ, Kang MW, Chang HC, Chen KM, Yu YC (2005) Bright fluorescent nanodiamonds: no
photobleaching and low cytotoxicity. J Am Chem Soc 127:17604–17605
80. Tisler J, Balasubramanian G, Naydenov B, Kolesov R, Grotz B, Reuter R, Boudou JP,
Curmi PA, Sennour M, Thorel A, Borsch M, Aulenbacher K, Erdmann R, Hemmer PR,
Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J (2009) Fluorescence and spin properties of defects in single digit
nanodiamonds. ACS Nano 3:1959–1965
81. Fu CC, Lee HY, Chen K, Lim TS, Wu HY, Lin PK, Wei PK, Tsao PH, Chang HC, Fann W
(2007) Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:727–732
82. Hsiao WW, Hui YY, Tsai PC, Chang HC (2016) Fluorescent nanodiamond: a versatile tool for
long-term cell tracking, super-resolution imaging, and nanoscale temperature sensing. Acc
Chem Res 49:400–407
78
T. Kim and J. V. Jokerst
quantum dots. Phys Rev Lett 93(7):077402
65. Lin CAJ, Yang TY, Lee CH, Huang SH, Sperling RA, Zanella M, Li JK, Shen JL, Wang HH,
Yeh HI, Parak WJ, Chang WH (2009) Synthesis, characterization, and bioconjugation of
fluorescent gold nanoclusters toward biological labeling applications. ACS Nano 3:395–401
66. Negishi Y, Takasugi Y, Sato S, Yao H, Kimura K, Tsukuda T (2004) Magic-numbered Au-n
clusters protected by glutathione monolayers (n¼18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 39): isolation and
spectroscopic characterization. J Am Chem Soc 126:6518–6519
67. Negishi Y, Nobusada K, Tsukuda T (2005) Glutathione-protected gold clusters revisited:
bridging the gap between gold(I)-thiolate complexes and thiolate-protected gold nanocrystals.
J Am Chem Soc 127:5261–5270
68. Wang GL, Huang T, Murray RW, Menard L, Nuzzo RG (2005) Near-IR luminescence of
monolayer-protected metal clusters. J Am Chem Soc 127:812–813
69. Palmal S, Basiruddin SK, Maity AR, Ray SC, Jana NR (2013) Thiol-directed synthesis
of highly fluorescent gold clusters and their conversion into stable imaging nanoprobes.
Chem-Eur J 19:943–949
70. Xie JP, Zheng YG, Ying JY (2009) Protein-directed synthesis of highly fluorescent gold
nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 131:888–889
71. Vosch T, Antoku Y, Hsiang JC, Richards CI, Gonzalez JI, Dickson RM (2007) Strongly
emissive individual DNA-encapsulated Ag nanoclusters as single-molecule fluorophores.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:12616–12621
72. Wu Z, Jin R (2010) On the ligand’s role in the fluorescence of gold nanoclusters. Nano Lett
10:2568–2573
73. Duan HW, Nie SM (2007) Etching colloidal gold nanocrystals with hyperbranched and
multivalent polymers: a new route to fluorescent and water-soluble atomic clusters. J Am
Chem Soc 129:2412–2413
74. Wang HH, Lin CAJ, Lee CH, Lin YC, Tseng YM, Hsieh CL, Chen CH, Tsai CH, Hsieh CT,
Shen JL, Chan WH, Chang WH, Yeh HI (2011) Fluorescent gold nanoclusters as a biocompatible marker for in vitro and in vivo tracking of endothelial cells. ACS Nano 5:4337–4344
75. Wu X, He X, Wang K, Xie C, Zhou B, Qing Z (2010) Ultrasmall near-infrared gold
nanoclusters for tumor fluorescence imaging in vivo. Nanoscale 2:2244–2249
76. Yu MX, Zhou JC, Du BJ, Ning XH, Authement C, Gandee L, Kapur P, Hsieh JT, Zheng J
(2016) Noninvasive staging of kidney dysfunction enabled by renal-clearable luminescent
gold nanoparticles. Angew Chem-Int Edit 55:2787–2791
77. Mochalin VN, Shenderova O, Ho D, Gogotsi Y (2012) The properties and applications of
nanodiamonds. Nat Nanotechnol 7:11–23
78. Gruber A, Drabenstedt A, Tietz C, Fleury L, Wrachtrup J, vonBorczyskowski C (1997)
Scanning confocal optical microscopy and magnetic resonance on single defect centers.
Science 276:2012–2014
79. Yu SJ, Kang MW, Chang HC, Chen KM, Yu YC (2005) Bright fluorescent nanodiamonds: no
photobleaching and low cytotoxicity. J Am Chem Soc 127:17604–17605
80. Tisler J, Balasubramanian G, Naydenov B, Kolesov R, Grotz B, Reuter R, Boudou JP,
Curmi PA, Sennour M, Thorel A, Borsch M, Aulenbacher K, Erdmann R, Hemmer PR,
Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J (2009) Fluorescence and spin properties of defects in single digit
nanodiamonds. ACS Nano 3:1959–1965
81. Fu CC, Lee HY, Chen K, Lim TS, Wu HY, Lin PK, Wei PK, Tsao PH, Chang HC, Fann W
(2007) Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:727–732
82. Hsiao WW, Hui YY, Tsai PC, Chang HC (2016) Fluorescent nanodiamond: a versatile tool for
long-term cell tracking, super-resolution imaging, and nanoscale temperature sensing. Acc
Chem Res 49:400–407
78
T. Kim and J. V. Jokerst