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104:139–173
38. Wang F, Deng RR, Wang J, Wang QX, Han Y, Zhu HM, Chen XY, Liu XG (2011) Tuning
upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles. Nat Mater 10:968–973
39. Meshulach D, Silberberg Y (1998) Coherent quantum control of two-photon transitions by a
femtosecond laser pulse. Nature 396:239–242
40. Liu Q, Feng W, Yang T, Yi T, Li F (2013) Upconversion luminescence imaging of cells and
small animals. Nat Protoc 8:2033–2044
41. Nam SH, Bae YM, Park YI, Kim JH, Kim HM, Choi JS, Lee KT, Hyeon T, Suh YD (2011)
Long-term real-time tracking of lanthanide ion doped upconverting nanoparticles in living
cells. Angew Chem-Int Edit 50:6093–6097
42. Liu Q, Sun Y, Yang T, Feng W, Li C, Li F (2011) Sub-10 nm hexagonal lanthanide-doped
NaLuF4 upconversion nanocrystals for sensitive bioimaging in vivo. J Am Chem Soc
133:17122–17125
43. Zhan QQ, Qian J, Liang HJ, Somesfalean G, Wang D, He SL, Zhang ZG, Andersson-Engels S
(2011) Using 915 nm laser excited Tm3+/Er3+/Ho3+-doped NaYbF4 upconversion
nanoparticles for in vitro and deeper in vivo bioimaging without overheating irradiation.
ACS Nano 5:3744–3757
44. Wang YF, Liu GY, Sun LD, Xiao JW, Zhou JC, Yan CH (2013) Nd3+-sensitized
upconversion nanophosphors: efficient in vivo bioimaging probes with minimized heating
effect. ACS Nano 7:7200–7206
76
T. Kim and J. V. Jokerst
25. Dabbousi BO, RodriguezViejo J, Mikulec FV, Heine JR, Mattoussi H, Ober R, Jensen KF,
Bawendi MG (1997) (CdSe)ZnS core-shell quantum dots: synthesis and characterization of a
size series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites. J Phys Chem B 101:9463–9475
26. Choi HS, Liu W, Misra P, Tanaka E, Zimmer JP, Ipe BI, Bawendi MG, Frangioni JV (2007)
Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 25:1165–1170
27. Zhu XJ, Su QQ, Feng W, Li FY (2017) Anti-stokes shift luminescent materials for
bio-applications. Chem Soc Rev 46:1025–1039
28. Zagorovsky K, Chan WCW (2013) BIOIMAGING illuminating the deep. Nat Mater
12:285–287
29. Yu JH, Kwon SH, Petrasek Z, Park OK, Jun SW, Shin K, Choi M, Park YI, Park K, Na HB,
Lee N, Lee DW, Kim JH, Schwille P, Hyeon T (2013) High-resolution three-photon biomedical imaging using doped ZnS nanocrystals. Nat Mater 12:359–366
30. Subha R, Nalla V, Yu JH, Jun SW, Shin K, Hyeon T, Vijayan C, Ji W (2013) Efficient
photoluminescence of Mn2+-doped ZnS quantum dots excited by two-photon absorption in
near-infrared window II. J Phys Chem C 117:20905–20911
31. Chatteriee DK, Rufalhah AJ, Zhang Y (2008) Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and
small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials 29:937–943
32. Cheng L, Yang K, Zhang S, Shao M, Lee S, Liu Z (2010) Highly-sensitive multiplexed in vivo
imaging using pegylated upconversion nanoparticles. Nano Res 3:722–732
33. Chen G, Qiu H, Prasad PN, Chen X (2014) Upconversion nanoparticles: design,
nanochemistry, and applications in theranostics. Chem Rev 114:5161–5214
34. Park YI, Lee KT, Suh YD, Hyeon T (2015) Upconverting nanoparticles: a versatile platform
for wide-field two-photon microscopy and multi-modal in vivo imaging. Chem Soc Rev
44:1302–1317
35. Wang F, Han Y, Lim CS, Lu YH, Wang J, Xu J, Chen HY, Zhang C, Hong MH, Liu XG
(2010) Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide
doping. Nature 463:1061–1065
36. Wang F, Liu XG (2008) Upconversion multicolor fine-tuning: visible to near-infrared emission from lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 130:5642–5643
37. Auzel F (2004) Upconversion and anti-stokes processes with f and d ions in solids. Chem Rev
104:139–173
38. Wang F, Deng RR, Wang J, Wang QX, Han Y, Zhu HM, Chen XY, Liu XG (2011) Tuning
upconversion through energy migration in core-shell nanoparticles. Nat Mater 10:968–973
39. Meshulach D, Silberberg Y (1998) Coherent quantum control of two-photon transitions by a
femtosecond laser pulse. Nature 396:239–242
40. Liu Q, Feng W, Yang T, Yi T, Li F (2013) Upconversion luminescence imaging of cells and
small animals. Nat Protoc 8:2033–2044
41. Nam SH, Bae YM, Park YI, Kim JH, Kim HM, Choi JS, Lee KT, Hyeon T, Suh YD (2011)
Long-term real-time tracking of lanthanide ion doped upconverting nanoparticles in living
cells. Angew Chem-Int Edit 50:6093–6097
42. Liu Q, Sun Y, Yang T, Feng W, Li C, Li F (2011) Sub-10 nm hexagonal lanthanide-doped
NaLuF4 upconversion nanocrystals for sensitive bioimaging in vivo. J Am Chem Soc
133:17122–17125
43. Zhan QQ, Qian J, Liang HJ, Somesfalean G, Wang D, He SL, Zhang ZG, Andersson-Engels S
(2011) Using 915 nm laser excited Tm3+/Er3+/Ho3+-doped NaYbF4 upconversion
nanoparticles for in vitro and deeper in vivo bioimaging without overheating irradiation.
ACS Nano 5:3744–3757
44. Wang YF, Liu GY, Sun LD, Xiao JW, Zhou JC, Yan CH (2013) Nd3+-sensitized
upconversion nanophosphors: efficient in vivo bioimaging probes with minimized heating
effect. ACS Nano 7:7200–7206
76
T. Kim and J. V. Jokerst