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(2003) Rare earth-doped glass microbarcodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(2):389
48. Gai S, Li C, Yang P, Lin J (2014) Recent progress in rare earth micro/nanocrystals: soft
chemical synthesis, luminescent properties, and biomedical applications. Chem Rev 114
(4):2343–2389
49. Ye X, Collins JE, Kang Y, Chen J, Chen DTN, Yodh AG, Murray CB (2010) Morphologically
controlled synthesis of colloidal upconversion nanophosphors and their shape-directed selfassembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(52):22430–22435
50. Naccache R, Yu Q, Capobianco JA (2015) The fluoride host: nucleation, growth, and
upconversion of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Adv Opt Mater 3(4):482–509
51. Abel KA, Boyer J-C, Veggel FCJM (2009) Hard proof of the NaYF4/NaGdF4 nanocrystal core/
shell structure. J Am Chem Soc 131(41):14644–14645
52. Li Z, Zhang Y (2006) Monodisperse silica-coated polyvinylpyrrolidone/NaYF4 nanocrystals
with multicolor upconversion fluorescence emission. Angew Chem 118(46):7896–7899
53. Tu D, Liu L, Ju Q, Liu Y, Zhu H, Li R, Chen X (2011) Time-resolved fret biosensor based on
amine-functionalized lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed 50
(28):6306–6310
54. Meng F, Liu S, Wang Y, Tao C, Xu P, Guo W, Shen L, Zhang X, Ruan S (2012) Open-circuit
voltage enhancement of inverted polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells by doping NaYF4
nanoparticles/PVP composites. J Mater Chem 22(42):22382–22386
55. Chatteriee DK, Rufalhah AJ, Zhang Y (2008) Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and
small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials 29(7):937–943
56. Lim ME, Lee Y-l, Zhang Y, Chu JJH (2012) Photodynamic inactivation of viruses using
upconversion nanoparticles. Biomaterials 33(6):1912–1920
57. Sheng Y, Liao L-D, Thakor N, Tan MC (2014) Rare-earth doped particles as dual-modality
contrast agent for minimally-invasive luminescence and dual-wavelength photoacoustic imaging. Sci Rep 4:6562
58. Li C, Yang J, Yang P, Lian H, Lin J (2008) Hydrothermal synthesis of lanthanide fluorides
LnF3 (Ln ¼ La to Lu) nano-/microcrystals with multiform structures and morphologies. Chem
Mater 20(13):4317–4326
59. He S, Chen S, Li D, Wu Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Song J, Liu L, Qu J, Cheng Z (2019) High affinity to
skeleton rare earth doped nanoparticles for near-infrared II imaging. Nano Lett 19
(5):2985–2992
60. Naczynski DJ, Sun C, Türkcan S, Jenkins C, Koh AL, Ikeda D, Pratx G, Xing L (2015) X-rayinduced shortwave infrared biomedical imaging using rare-earth nanoprobes. Nano Lett 15
(1):96–102
61. Kantamneni H, Zevon M, Donzanti MJ, Zhao X, Sheng Y, Barkund SR, McCabe LH, BanachPetrosky W, Higgins LM, Ganesan S et al (2017) Surveillance nanotechnology for multi-organ
cancer metastases. Nat Biomed Eng 1(12):993–1003
62. Wang R, Zhou L, Wang W, Li X, Zhang F (2017) In vivo gastrointestinal drug-release
monitoring through second near-infrared window fluorescent bioimaging with orally delivered
microcarriers. Nat Commun 8:14702
63. Fan Z, Lu L, Shangfeng W, Baozhou Z, Peng P, Yong F, Xiaomin L (2018) Er3+ sensitized
1530 nm to 1180 nm second near-infrared window upconversion nanocrystals for in vivo
biosensing. Angew Chem Int Ed 57(25):7518–7522
64. He S, Song J, Liu J, Liu L, Qu J, Cheng Z (2019) Enhancing photoacoustic intensity of
upconversion nanoparticles by photoswitchable azobenzene-containing polymers for dual
NIR-II and photoacoustic imaging in vivo. Adv Opt Mater 0(0):1900045
65. Pichaandi J, van Veggel FCJM (2014) Near-infrared emitting quantum dots: recent progress on
their synthesis and characterization. Coord Chem Rev 263–264:138–150
66. Deutsch Z, Neeman L, Oron D (2013) Luminescence upconversion in colloidal double quantum
dots. Nat Nanotechnol 8(9):649–653
Advancements of Second Near-Infrared Biological Window Fluorophores:. . .
121
(2003) Rare earth-doped glass microbarcodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(2):389
48. Gai S, Li C, Yang P, Lin J (2014) Recent progress in rare earth micro/nanocrystals: soft
chemical synthesis, luminescent properties, and biomedical applications. Chem Rev 114
(4):2343–2389
49. Ye X, Collins JE, Kang Y, Chen J, Chen DTN, Yodh AG, Murray CB (2010) Morphologically
controlled synthesis of colloidal upconversion nanophosphors and their shape-directed selfassembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(52):22430–22435
50. Naccache R, Yu Q, Capobianco JA (2015) The fluoride host: nucleation, growth, and
upconversion of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Adv Opt Mater 3(4):482–509
51. Abel KA, Boyer J-C, Veggel FCJM (2009) Hard proof of the NaYF4/NaGdF4 nanocrystal core/
shell structure. J Am Chem Soc 131(41):14644–14645
52. Li Z, Zhang Y (2006) Monodisperse silica-coated polyvinylpyrrolidone/NaYF4 nanocrystals
with multicolor upconversion fluorescence emission. Angew Chem 118(46):7896–7899
53. Tu D, Liu L, Ju Q, Liu Y, Zhu H, Li R, Chen X (2011) Time-resolved fret biosensor based on
amine-functionalized lanthanide-doped NaYF4 nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed 50
(28):6306–6310
54. Meng F, Liu S, Wang Y, Tao C, Xu P, Guo W, Shen L, Zhang X, Ruan S (2012) Open-circuit
voltage enhancement of inverted polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells by doping NaYF4
nanoparticles/PVP composites. J Mater Chem 22(42):22382–22386
55. Chatteriee DK, Rufalhah AJ, Zhang Y (2008) Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and
small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. Biomaterials 29(7):937–943
56. Lim ME, Lee Y-l, Zhang Y, Chu JJH (2012) Photodynamic inactivation of viruses using
upconversion nanoparticles. Biomaterials 33(6):1912–1920
57. Sheng Y, Liao L-D, Thakor N, Tan MC (2014) Rare-earth doped particles as dual-modality
contrast agent for minimally-invasive luminescence and dual-wavelength photoacoustic imaging. Sci Rep 4:6562
58. Li C, Yang J, Yang P, Lian H, Lin J (2008) Hydrothermal synthesis of lanthanide fluorides
LnF3 (Ln ¼ La to Lu) nano-/microcrystals with multiform structures and morphologies. Chem
Mater 20(13):4317–4326
59. He S, Chen S, Li D, Wu Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Song J, Liu L, Qu J, Cheng Z (2019) High affinity to
skeleton rare earth doped nanoparticles for near-infrared II imaging. Nano Lett 19
(5):2985–2992
60. Naczynski DJ, Sun C, Türkcan S, Jenkins C, Koh AL, Ikeda D, Pratx G, Xing L (2015) X-rayinduced shortwave infrared biomedical imaging using rare-earth nanoprobes. Nano Lett 15
(1):96–102
61. Kantamneni H, Zevon M, Donzanti MJ, Zhao X, Sheng Y, Barkund SR, McCabe LH, BanachPetrosky W, Higgins LM, Ganesan S et al (2017) Surveillance nanotechnology for multi-organ
cancer metastases. Nat Biomed Eng 1(12):993–1003
62. Wang R, Zhou L, Wang W, Li X, Zhang F (2017) In vivo gastrointestinal drug-release
monitoring through second near-infrared window fluorescent bioimaging with orally delivered
microcarriers. Nat Commun 8:14702
63. Fan Z, Lu L, Shangfeng W, Baozhou Z, Peng P, Yong F, Xiaomin L (2018) Er3+ sensitized
1530 nm to 1180 nm second near-infrared window upconversion nanocrystals for in vivo
biosensing. Angew Chem Int Ed 57(25):7518–7522
64. He S, Song J, Liu J, Liu L, Qu J, Cheng Z (2019) Enhancing photoacoustic intensity of
upconversion nanoparticles by photoswitchable azobenzene-containing polymers for dual
NIR-II and photoacoustic imaging in vivo. Adv Opt Mater 0(0):1900045
65. Pichaandi J, van Veggel FCJM (2014) Near-infrared emitting quantum dots: recent progress on
their synthesis and characterization. Coord Chem Rev 263–264:138–150
66. Deutsch Z, Neeman L, Oron D (2013) Luminescence upconversion in colloidal double quantum
dots. Nat Nanotechnol 8(9):649–653
Advancements of Second Near-Infrared Biological Window Fluorophores:. . .
121