27. Robinson JT, Hong G, Liang Y, Zhang B, Yaghi OK, Dai H (2012) In vivo fluorescence
imaging in the second near-infrared window with long circulating carbon nanotubes capable of
ultrahigh tumor uptake. J Am Chem Soc 134(25):10664–10669
28. Welsher K, Sherlock SP, Dai H (2011) Deep-tissue anatomical imaging of mice using carbon
nanotube fluorophores in the second near-infrared window. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108
(22):8943–8948
29. Hong G, Lee JC, Robinson JT, Raaz U, Xie L, Huang NF, Cooke JP, Dai H (2012)
Multifunctional in vivo vascular imaging using near-infrared II fluorescence. Nat Med 18
(12):1841–1846
30. Hong G, Diao S, Chang J, Antaris AL, Chen C, Zhang B, Zhao S, Atochin DN, Huang PL,
Andreasson KI et al (2014) Through-skull fluorescence imaging of the brain in a new nearinfrared window. Nat Photonics 8(9):723–730
31. Yomogida Y, Tanaka T, Zhang M, Yudasaka M, Wei X, Kataura H (2016) Industrial-scale
separation of high-purity single-chirality single-wall carbon nanotubes for biological imaging.
Nat Commun 7:12056
32. Diao S, Blackburn JL, Hong G, Antaris AL, Chang J, Wu JZ, Zhang B, Cheng K, Kuo CJ,
Dai H (2015) Fluorescence imaging in vivo at wavelengths beyond 1500 nm. Angew Chem Int
Ed 54(49):14758–14762
33. Iverson NM, Barone PW, Shandell M, Trudel LJ, Sen S, Sen F, Ivanov V, Atolia E, Farias E,
McNicholas TP et al (2013) In vivo biosensing via tissue-localizable near-infrared-fluorescent
single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Nanotechnol 8:873–880
34. Starosolski Z, Bhavane R, Ghaghada KB, Vasudevan SA, Kaay A, Annapragada A (2017)
Indocyanine green fluorescence in second near-infrared (NIR-II) window. PLoS One 12(11):
e0187563
35. Cheng K, Chen H, Jenkins CH, Zhang G, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Han F, Fung J, Yang M, Jiang Y
et al (2017) Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of a targeted dual-modal
near infrared-II fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging nanoprobe. ACS Nano 11
(12):12276–12291
36. Benhao L, Lingfei L, Mengyao Z, Zuhai L, Fan Z (2018) An efficient 1064 nm NIR-II
excitation fluorescent molecular dye for deep-tissue high-resolution dynamic bioimaging.
Angew Chem Int Ed 57(25):7483–7487
37. Hong G, Zou Y, Antaris AL, Diao S, Wu D, Cheng K, Zhang X, Chen C, Liu B, He Y et al
(2014) Ultrafast fluorescence imaging in vivo with conjugated polymer fluorophores in the
second near-infrared window. Nat Commun 5:4206
38. Shou K, Tang Y, Chen H, Chen S, Zhang L, Zhang A, Fan Q, Yu A, Cheng Z (2018)
Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based semiconducting polymer nano-particles for in vivo second nearinfrared window imaging and image-guided tumor surgery. Chem Sci 9:3105–3110
39. Zhao X, He S, Tan MC (2016) Design of infrared-emitting rare earth doped nanoparticles and
nanostructured composites. J Mater Chem C 4(36):8349–8372
40. Dong H, Du S-R, Zheng X-Y, Lyu G-M, Sun L-D, Li L-D, Zhang P-Z, Zhang C, Yan C-H
(2015) Lanthanide nanoparticles: from design toward bioimaging and therapy. Chem Rev 115
(19):10725–10815
41. Wang F, Liu X (2014) Multicolor tuning of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles by single wavelength excitation. Acc Chem Res 47(4):1378–1385
42. Chen X, Peng D, Ju Q, Wang F (2015) Photon upconversion in core-shell nanoparticles.
Chem Soc Rev 44(6):1318–1330
43. Huang X, Han S, Huang W, Liu X (2013) Enhancing solar cell efficiency: the search for
luminescent materials as spectral converters. Chem Soc Rev 42(1):173–201
44. Zhou B, Shi B, Jin D, Liu X (2015) Controlling upconversion nanocrystals for emerging
applications. Nat Nanotechnol 10(11):924–936
45. Judd B (1962) Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions. Phys Rev 127(3):750
46. Judd B (1963) Configuration interaction in rare earth ions. Proc Phys Soc 82(6):874
120
S. He and Z. Cheng
imaging in the second near-infrared window with long circulating carbon nanotubes capable of
ultrahigh tumor uptake. J Am Chem Soc 134(25):10664–10669
28. Welsher K, Sherlock SP, Dai H (2011) Deep-tissue anatomical imaging of mice using carbon
nanotube fluorophores in the second near-infrared window. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108
(22):8943–8948
29. Hong G, Lee JC, Robinson JT, Raaz U, Xie L, Huang NF, Cooke JP, Dai H (2012)
Multifunctional in vivo vascular imaging using near-infrared II fluorescence. Nat Med 18
(12):1841–1846
30. Hong G, Diao S, Chang J, Antaris AL, Chen C, Zhang B, Zhao S, Atochin DN, Huang PL,
Andreasson KI et al (2014) Through-skull fluorescence imaging of the brain in a new nearinfrared window. Nat Photonics 8(9):723–730
31. Yomogida Y, Tanaka T, Zhang M, Yudasaka M, Wei X, Kataura H (2016) Industrial-scale
separation of high-purity single-chirality single-wall carbon nanotubes for biological imaging.
Nat Commun 7:12056
32. Diao S, Blackburn JL, Hong G, Antaris AL, Chang J, Wu JZ, Zhang B, Cheng K, Kuo CJ,
Dai H (2015) Fluorescence imaging in vivo at wavelengths beyond 1500 nm. Angew Chem Int
Ed 54(49):14758–14762
33. Iverson NM, Barone PW, Shandell M, Trudel LJ, Sen S, Sen F, Ivanov V, Atolia E, Farias E,
McNicholas TP et al (2013) In vivo biosensing via tissue-localizable near-infrared-fluorescent
single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Nanotechnol 8:873–880
34. Starosolski Z, Bhavane R, Ghaghada KB, Vasudevan SA, Kaay A, Annapragada A (2017)
Indocyanine green fluorescence in second near-infrared (NIR-II) window. PLoS One 12(11):
e0187563
35. Cheng K, Chen H, Jenkins CH, Zhang G, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Han F, Fung J, Yang M, Jiang Y
et al (2017) Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of a targeted dual-modal
near infrared-II fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging nanoprobe. ACS Nano 11
(12):12276–12291
36. Benhao L, Lingfei L, Mengyao Z, Zuhai L, Fan Z (2018) An efficient 1064 nm NIR-II
excitation fluorescent molecular dye for deep-tissue high-resolution dynamic bioimaging.
Angew Chem Int Ed 57(25):7483–7487
37. Hong G, Zou Y, Antaris AL, Diao S, Wu D, Cheng K, Zhang X, Chen C, Liu B, He Y et al
(2014) Ultrafast fluorescence imaging in vivo with conjugated polymer fluorophores in the
second near-infrared window. Nat Commun 5:4206
38. Shou K, Tang Y, Chen H, Chen S, Zhang L, Zhang A, Fan Q, Yu A, Cheng Z (2018)
Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based semiconducting polymer nano-particles for in vivo second nearinfrared window imaging and image-guided tumor surgery. Chem Sci 9:3105–3110
39. Zhao X, He S, Tan MC (2016) Design of infrared-emitting rare earth doped nanoparticles and
nanostructured composites. J Mater Chem C 4(36):8349–8372
40. Dong H, Du S-R, Zheng X-Y, Lyu G-M, Sun L-D, Li L-D, Zhang P-Z, Zhang C, Yan C-H
(2015) Lanthanide nanoparticles: from design toward bioimaging and therapy. Chem Rev 115
(19):10725–10815
41. Wang F, Liu X (2014) Multicolor tuning of lanthanide-doped nanoparticles by single wavelength excitation. Acc Chem Res 47(4):1378–1385
42. Chen X, Peng D, Ju Q, Wang F (2015) Photon upconversion in core-shell nanoparticles.
Chem Soc Rev 44(6):1318–1330
43. Huang X, Han S, Huang W, Liu X (2013) Enhancing solar cell efficiency: the search for
luminescent materials as spectral converters. Chem Soc Rev 42(1):173–201
44. Zhou B, Shi B, Jin D, Liu X (2015) Controlling upconversion nanocrystals for emerging
applications. Nat Nanotechnol 10(11):924–936
45. Judd B (1962) Optical absorption intensities of rare-earth ions. Phys Rev 127(3):750
46. Judd B (1963) Configuration interaction in rare earth ions. Proc Phys Soc 82(6):874
120
S. He and Z. Cheng