13.2 Nanoremediation
Nanotechnology is one of the promising techniques to provide some beneficial
replacements for current practices of site remediation nanoscience and nanotechnology have had a great impact when dealing with drinking water as detection and
quantification of heavy metals and remediation of residual water processes have
significantly improved. Nanotechnology in the field of nanoscience, the phenomena
applied on a nanometer scale level. The nanoparticles are those that have structure
components with one dimension at least less than 100 nm (Amin et al. 2014).
Nanomaterials have been developed in variety of forms such as nanowires,
nanotubes, films, particles, quantum dots and colloids. Nano remediation describes
the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in the treatment of contaminated groundwater and
soil. Depending on the properties of different particles, nanoremediation processes
generally involve reduction, oxidation, sorption or their combination (Lee et al.
2014).
NPs used in remediation are primarily metals or metal oxides, most frequently
nanoscale zerovalent iron (nzvi). They may be modified in various ways to improve
their performance, for example, inclusion of a catalyst (often palladium), use of
coatings or modifiers, or emplacement on other materials such as activated carbon or
zeolites (for iron oxides). Zerovalent iron nanoparticles (INPs) were used to remediate PCB contaminated soil presence of iron nanoparticles causes dechlorination/
oxidation of PCBs at much lower temperatures. They are generally applied in situ via
various injection methods, which may include the use of viscosity control agents or
other materials to facilitate targeted emplacement of NPs in the subsurface. The use
of NPs potentially extends the range of available in situ remediation technologies,
and it may offer particular benefits in some applications (Bardos et al. 2011; Carroll
et al. 2013). Nanoremediation methods entail the application of reactive NMs such
as nanoscale zeolites, metal oxides, carbon nanotubes and fibers, bimetallic
nanoparticles, etc. for the transformation and detoxification of pollutants. Of these,
nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) is currently the most widely used (Garner and
Keller 2014).
13.2.1 Methods of Nanoremediation
13.2.1.1 Reduction
A chemical reaction in which hydrogen is added to, or oxygen is removed from, a
compound opposite of oxidation.
13.2.1.2 Oxidation
Chemical reaction in which oxygen added to, or hydrogen is removed from a
compound opposite of reduction.
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287
Nanotechnology is one of the promising techniques to provide some beneficial
replacements for current practices of site remediation nanoscience and nanotechnology have had a great impact when dealing with drinking water as detection and
quantification of heavy metals and remediation of residual water processes have
significantly improved. Nanotechnology in the field of nanoscience, the phenomena
applied on a nanometer scale level. The nanoparticles are those that have structure
components with one dimension at least less than 100 nm (Amin et al. 2014).
Nanomaterials have been developed in variety of forms such as nanowires,
nanotubes, films, particles, quantum dots and colloids. Nano remediation describes
the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in the treatment of contaminated groundwater and
soil. Depending on the properties of different particles, nanoremediation processes
generally involve reduction, oxidation, sorption or their combination (Lee et al.
2014).
NPs used in remediation are primarily metals or metal oxides, most frequently
nanoscale zerovalent iron (nzvi). They may be modified in various ways to improve
their performance, for example, inclusion of a catalyst (often palladium), use of
coatings or modifiers, or emplacement on other materials such as activated carbon or
zeolites (for iron oxides). Zerovalent iron nanoparticles (INPs) were used to remediate PCB contaminated soil presence of iron nanoparticles causes dechlorination/
oxidation of PCBs at much lower temperatures. They are generally applied in situ via
various injection methods, which may include the use of viscosity control agents or
other materials to facilitate targeted emplacement of NPs in the subsurface. The use
of NPs potentially extends the range of available in situ remediation technologies,
and it may offer particular benefits in some applications (Bardos et al. 2011; Carroll
et al. 2013). Nanoremediation methods entail the application of reactive NMs such
as nanoscale zeolites, metal oxides, carbon nanotubes and fibers, bimetallic
nanoparticles, etc. for the transformation and detoxification of pollutants. Of these,
nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) is currently the most widely used (Garner and
Keller 2014).
13.2.1 Methods of Nanoremediation
13.2.1.1 Reduction
A chemical reaction in which hydrogen is added to, or oxygen is removed from, a
compound opposite of oxidation.
13.2.1.2 Oxidation
Chemical reaction in which oxygen added to, or hydrogen is removed from a
compound opposite of reduction.
13 Phytoremediation and Nanoremediation
287