13.2.1.3 Sorption
Sorption can be defined as a phenomenon of fixation or capture of a gas or a vapor
(sorbate) by a substance condensed state (solid or liquid) called sorbent.
13.3 Heavy Metals in Water
Heavy metals were discharged into rivers, sediments, and contaminate the water
bodies. Lead (Pb) contaminated sediments are becoming increasingly common due
to the wide application of Pb in electroplating, metallurgy, and agriculture. Remediation for Pb-contaminated sediments with phosphate-based remediation has drawn a
great attention. Phosphate-based materials were proven to be an effective and
inexpensive method for in situ remediation in previous study. Phosphate-based
remediation has an excellent ability in the immobilization of Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II),
and Cu(II), especially the Pb(II), which can cooperate well with phosphate by the
formation of phosphate-Pb compounds presented as pyromorphite (Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 X,
X ¼ F, Cl, Br, OH).
13.3.1 Oxide-based Nanoparticles
Oxide based nanoparticles are inorganic nanoparticles which are usually prepared by
non-metals and metals. These nanoparticles are extensively used for hazardous
pollutants removal from wastewater. There include titanium oxides (Gao et al.
2008), Titanium oxide/dendrimers composites (Barakat et al. 2013a, b) zinc oxides
(Tuzen and Soylak 2007), magnesium oxide (Gupta et al. 2011), manganese oxides
(Feng et al. 2012) and ferric oxides (Xu et al. 2008a, b). Oxide-based nanoparticles
are characterized by high BET surface area, minimum environmental impacts, less
solubility, and no secondary pollutants (Gupta et al. 2015).
13.3.2 Iron Based Nanoparticles
The natural occurrence of iron and its simple synthesis process make ferric oxide a
low-cost material for the adsorption of noxious metals. It is an eco-friendly material
and can be used directly to a contaminated environment with less chance of
secondary contamination (Li et al. 2003a; b). Factors affecting the adsorption of
different heavy metals on Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles depend on the pH, temperature,
adsorbent dose, and incubation time (Gupta et al. 2015). To increase the adsorption
capacity of Fe 2 O 3 surface modification was carried out by different researchers
(Wang et al. 2015; Ozmen et al. 2010). Gupta et al. (2015) reported that the
modification of these nano-adsorbents shows high affinity for the removal of different pollutants such as Cr
3+ , Co
2+ , Ni
2+ , Cu
2+ , Cd
2+ , Pb
2+ and As
3+ simultaneously
from wastewater.
288
P. Kumar et al.
Sorption can be defined as a phenomenon of fixation or capture of a gas or a vapor
(sorbate) by a substance condensed state (solid or liquid) called sorbent.
13.3 Heavy Metals in Water
Heavy metals were discharged into rivers, sediments, and contaminate the water
bodies. Lead (Pb) contaminated sediments are becoming increasingly common due
to the wide application of Pb in electroplating, metallurgy, and agriculture. Remediation for Pb-contaminated sediments with phosphate-based remediation has drawn a
great attention. Phosphate-based materials were proven to be an effective and
inexpensive method for in situ remediation in previous study. Phosphate-based
remediation has an excellent ability in the immobilization of Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II),
and Cu(II), especially the Pb(II), which can cooperate well with phosphate by the
formation of phosphate-Pb compounds presented as pyromorphite (Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 X,
X ¼ F, Cl, Br, OH).
13.3.1 Oxide-based Nanoparticles
Oxide based nanoparticles are inorganic nanoparticles which are usually prepared by
non-metals and metals. These nanoparticles are extensively used for hazardous
pollutants removal from wastewater. There include titanium oxides (Gao et al.
2008), Titanium oxide/dendrimers composites (Barakat et al. 2013a, b) zinc oxides
(Tuzen and Soylak 2007), magnesium oxide (Gupta et al. 2011), manganese oxides
(Feng et al. 2012) and ferric oxides (Xu et al. 2008a, b). Oxide-based nanoparticles
are characterized by high BET surface area, minimum environmental impacts, less
solubility, and no secondary pollutants (Gupta et al. 2015).
13.3.2 Iron Based Nanoparticles
The natural occurrence of iron and its simple synthesis process make ferric oxide a
low-cost material for the adsorption of noxious metals. It is an eco-friendly material
and can be used directly to a contaminated environment with less chance of
secondary contamination (Li et al. 2003a; b). Factors affecting the adsorption of
different heavy metals on Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles depend on the pH, temperature,
adsorbent dose, and incubation time (Gupta et al. 2015). To increase the adsorption
capacity of Fe 2 O 3 surface modification was carried out by different researchers
(Wang et al. 2015; Ozmen et al. 2010). Gupta et al. (2015) reported that the
modification of these nano-adsorbents shows high affinity for the removal of different pollutants such as Cr
3+ , Co
2+ , Ni
2+ , Cu
2+ , Cd
2+ , Pb
2+ and As
3+ simultaneously
from wastewater.
288
P. Kumar et al.