Based on the above analyses from TGA, SAXS, rheology, and SEM images of
obtained residual chars after cone calorimetric test, it can be found that there is an
existence of strong synergetic effect between OMMT-1 and MP. During combustion along with MMT platelets, MP also migrates to the polymer surface results
high crosslinking which can improve the viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposite. Therefore, in case of PLA-5, a strong synergistic effect is responsible for
superior FR activity which is schematically presented in Fig. 6.9.
References
1. K.H. Pawlowski, B. Schartel, Flame retardancy mechanisms of triphenyl phosphate,
resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol A bis (diphenyl phosphate) in
polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends. Polym. Int. 56, 1404–1414 (2007)
2. B. Schartel, U. Braun, A. Balabanovich, J. Artner, M. Ciesielski, M. Döring, R. Perez,
J. Sandler, V. Altstädt, Pyrolysis and fire behaviour of epoxy systems containing a novel
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-(DOPO)-based diamino hardener.
Eur. Polym. J. 44, 704–715 (2008)
3. Y. Wang, F. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Jin, J. Zhang, Burning and dripping behaviors of polymers
under the UL94 vertical burning test conditions. Fire Mater. 34, 203–215 (2010)
4. L. Karlsson, A. Lundgren, J. Jungqvist, T. Hjertberg, Influence of melt behaviour on the flame
retardant properties of ethylene copolymers modified with calcium carbonate and silicone
elastomer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 527–532 (2009)
5. Y. Wang, J. Jow, K. Su, J. Zhang, Development of the unsteady upward fire model to
simulate polymer burning under UL94 vertical test conditions. Fire Saf. J. 54, 1–13 (2012)
6. Y. Wang, J. Jow, K. Su, J. Zhang, Dripping behavior of burning polymers under UL94
vertical test conditions. J. Fire Sci. 30, 477–501 (2012)
7. S.K. Bhattacharia, B.L. Weeks, C.C. Chen, Melting behavior and heat of fusion of
compounds that undergo simultaneous melting and decomposition: an investigation with
HMX. J. Chem. Eng. Data 62, 967–972 (2017)
8. B. Kandola, D. Price, G. Milnes, A. Da Silva, Development of a novel experimental technique
for quantitative study of melt dripping of themoplastic polymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98,
52–63 (2013)
9. J. Zhang, T. Shields, G. Silcock, Effect of melting behaviour on upward flame spread of
thermoplastics. Fire Mater. 21, 1–6 (1997)
10. A.B. Morgan, C.A. Wilkie, G.L. Nelson, Fire and Polymers VI: New Advances in Flame
Retardant Chemistry and Science. ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications, 2012)
11. C. Ma, S. Qiu, B. Yu, J. Wang, C. Wang, W. Zeng, Y. Hu, Economical and
environment-friendly synthesis of a novel hyperbranched poly (aminomethylphosphine
oxide-amine) as co-curing agent for simultaneous improvement of fire safety, glass transition
temperature and toughness of epoxy resins. Chem. Eng. J. 322, 618–631 (2017)
12. W. Zhang, X. Li, L. Li, R. Yang, Study of the synergistic effect of silicon and phosphorus on
the blowing-out effect of epoxy resin composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 1041–1048
(2012)
13. W. Zhang, X. Li, R. Yang, Blowing-out effect in epoxy composites flame retarded by
DOPO-POSS and its correlation with amide curing agents. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 1314–
1324 (2012)
14. W. Zhang, X. He, T. Song, Q. Jiao, R. Yang, The influence of the phosphorus-based flame
retardant on the flame retardancy of the epoxy resins. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 109, 209–217
(2014)
6.2 The Relationship Between Char Formation and Morphology …
81
obtained residual chars after cone calorimetric test, it can be found that there is an
existence of strong synergetic effect between OMMT-1 and MP. During combustion along with MMT platelets, MP also migrates to the polymer surface results
high crosslinking which can improve the viscoelastic properties of the nanocomposite. Therefore, in case of PLA-5, a strong synergistic effect is responsible for
superior FR activity which is schematically presented in Fig. 6.9.
References
1. K.H. Pawlowski, B. Schartel, Flame retardancy mechanisms of triphenyl phosphate,
resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol A bis (diphenyl phosphate) in
polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends. Polym. Int. 56, 1404–1414 (2007)
2. B. Schartel, U. Braun, A. Balabanovich, J. Artner, M. Ciesielski, M. Döring, R. Perez,
J. Sandler, V. Altstädt, Pyrolysis and fire behaviour of epoxy systems containing a novel
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-(DOPO)-based diamino hardener.
Eur. Polym. J. 44, 704–715 (2008)
3. Y. Wang, F. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Jin, J. Zhang, Burning and dripping behaviors of polymers
under the UL94 vertical burning test conditions. Fire Mater. 34, 203–215 (2010)
4. L. Karlsson, A. Lundgren, J. Jungqvist, T. Hjertberg, Influence of melt behaviour on the flame
retardant properties of ethylene copolymers modified with calcium carbonate and silicone
elastomer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94, 527–532 (2009)
5. Y. Wang, J. Jow, K. Su, J. Zhang, Development of the unsteady upward fire model to
simulate polymer burning under UL94 vertical test conditions. Fire Saf. J. 54, 1–13 (2012)
6. Y. Wang, J. Jow, K. Su, J. Zhang, Dripping behavior of burning polymers under UL94
vertical test conditions. J. Fire Sci. 30, 477–501 (2012)
7. S.K. Bhattacharia, B.L. Weeks, C.C. Chen, Melting behavior and heat of fusion of
compounds that undergo simultaneous melting and decomposition: an investigation with
HMX. J. Chem. Eng. Data 62, 967–972 (2017)
8. B. Kandola, D. Price, G. Milnes, A. Da Silva, Development of a novel experimental technique
for quantitative study of melt dripping of themoplastic polymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98,
52–63 (2013)
9. J. Zhang, T. Shields, G. Silcock, Effect of melting behaviour on upward flame spread of
thermoplastics. Fire Mater. 21, 1–6 (1997)
10. A.B. Morgan, C.A. Wilkie, G.L. Nelson, Fire and Polymers VI: New Advances in Flame
Retardant Chemistry and Science. ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications, 2012)
11. C. Ma, S. Qiu, B. Yu, J. Wang, C. Wang, W. Zeng, Y. Hu, Economical and
environment-friendly synthesis of a novel hyperbranched poly (aminomethylphosphine
oxide-amine) as co-curing agent for simultaneous improvement of fire safety, glass transition
temperature and toughness of epoxy resins. Chem. Eng. J. 322, 618–631 (2017)
12. W. Zhang, X. Li, L. Li, R. Yang, Study of the synergistic effect of silicon and phosphorus on
the blowing-out effect of epoxy resin composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 1041–1048
(2012)
13. W. Zhang, X. Li, R. Yang, Blowing-out effect in epoxy composites flame retarded by
DOPO-POSS and its correlation with amide curing agents. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 97, 1314–
1324 (2012)
14. W. Zhang, X. He, T. Song, Q. Jiao, R. Yang, The influence of the phosphorus-based flame
retardant on the flame retardancy of the epoxy resins. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 109, 209–217
(2014)
6.2 The Relationship Between Char Formation and Morphology …
81