15. L. Qian, Y. Qiu, N. Sun, M. Xu, G. Xu, F. Xin, Y. Chen, Pyrolysis route of a novel flame
retardant constructed by phosphaphenanthrene and triazine-trione groups and its
flame-retardant effect on epoxy resin. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 107, 98–105 (2014)
16. L. Qian, Y. Qiu, J. Liu, F. Xin, Y. Chen, The flame retardant group-synergistic-effect of a
phosphaphenanthrene and triazine double-group compound in epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym.
Sci. 131, 39709 (2014)
17. J. Li, F. Pan, H. Xu, L. Zhang, Y. Zhong, Z. Mao, The flame-retardancy and anti-dripping
properties of novel poly (ethylene terephthalate)/cyclotriphosphazene/silicone composites.
Polym. Degrad. Stab. 110, 268–277 (2014)
18. P. Wang, Z. Cai, Highly efficient flame-retardant epoxy resin with a novel DOPO-based
triazole compound: thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanism. Polym. Degrad. Stab.
137, 138–150 (2017)
19. M. Matzen, B. Kandola, C. Huth, B. Schartel, Influence of flame retardants on the melt
dripping behaviour of thermoplastic polymers. Materials 8, 5621–5646 (2015)
20. P. Wang, F. Yang, L. Li, Z. Cai, Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy
thermosets modified with a novel DOPO-based oligomer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 129, 156–167
(2016)
21. T. Ma, C. Guo, Synergistic effect between melamine cyanurate and a novel flame retardant
curing agent containing a caged bicyclic phosphate on flame retardancy and thermal behavior
of epoxy resins. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 124, 239–246 (2017)
22. Y. Zhang, B. Yu, B. Wang, K.M. Liew, L. Song, C. Wang, Y. Hu, Highly effective P-P
synergy of a novel DOPO-based flame retardant for epoxy resin. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56,
1245–1255 (2017)
23. X. Li, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, H. Yan, X. Zhang, B. Xu, Highly efficient flame retardant, flexible,
and strong adhesive intumescent coating on polypropylene using hyperbranched polyamide.
Chem. Eng. J. 324, 237–250 (2017)
24. M.J. Nine, D.N.H. Tran, T.T. Tung, S. Kabiri, D. Losic, Graphene-borate as an efficient fire
retardant for cellulosic materials with multiple and synergetic modes of action. ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 9, 10160–10168 (2017)
25. M. Kuruma, S.S. Ray, N. Kumar, Enhanced thermo-mechanical stiffness, thermal stability,
and fire retardant performance of surface-modified 2D MoS 2 nanosheet-reinforced
polyurethane composites. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 304, 1800562 (2019)
26. K. Zhou, S. Jiang, Y. Shi, J. Liu, B. Wang, Y. Hu, Z. Gui, Multigram-scale fabrication of
organic modified MoS 2 nanosheets dispersed in polystyrene with improved thermal stability,
fire resistance, and smoke suppression properties. RSC Adv. 4, 40170–40180 (2014)
27. J.R. Potts, D.R. Dreyer, C.W. Bielawski, R.S. Ruoff, Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 52, 5–25 (2011)
28. K. Zhou, G. Tang, R. Gao, S. Jiang, In situ growth of 0D silica nanospheres on 2D
molybdenum disulfide nanosheets: towards reducing fire hazards of epoxy resin. J. Hazard.
Mater. 344, 1078–1089 (2018)
29. M. Kuruma, J. Bandyopadhyay, S.S. Ray, Thermal degradation characteristic and flame
retardancy of polylactide-based nanobiocomposites. Molecules 23, 2648 (2018)
82
6 Melt-Dripping and Char Formation
retardant constructed by phosphaphenanthrene and triazine-trione groups and its
flame-retardant effect on epoxy resin. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 107, 98–105 (2014)
16. L. Qian, Y. Qiu, J. Liu, F. Xin, Y. Chen, The flame retardant group-synergistic-effect of a
phosphaphenanthrene and triazine double-group compound in epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym.
Sci. 131, 39709 (2014)
17. J. Li, F. Pan, H. Xu, L. Zhang, Y. Zhong, Z. Mao, The flame-retardancy and anti-dripping
properties of novel poly (ethylene terephthalate)/cyclotriphosphazene/silicone composites.
Polym. Degrad. Stab. 110, 268–277 (2014)
18. P. Wang, Z. Cai, Highly efficient flame-retardant epoxy resin with a novel DOPO-based
triazole compound: thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanism. Polym. Degrad. Stab.
137, 138–150 (2017)
19. M. Matzen, B. Kandola, C. Huth, B. Schartel, Influence of flame retardants on the melt
dripping behaviour of thermoplastic polymers. Materials 8, 5621–5646 (2015)
20. P. Wang, F. Yang, L. Li, Z. Cai, Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy
thermosets modified with a novel DOPO-based oligomer. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 129, 156–167
(2016)
21. T. Ma, C. Guo, Synergistic effect between melamine cyanurate and a novel flame retardant
curing agent containing a caged bicyclic phosphate on flame retardancy and thermal behavior
of epoxy resins. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 124, 239–246 (2017)
22. Y. Zhang, B. Yu, B. Wang, K.M. Liew, L. Song, C. Wang, Y. Hu, Highly effective P-P
synergy of a novel DOPO-based flame retardant for epoxy resin. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56,
1245–1255 (2017)
23. X. Li, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, H. Yan, X. Zhang, B. Xu, Highly efficient flame retardant, flexible,
and strong adhesive intumescent coating on polypropylene using hyperbranched polyamide.
Chem. Eng. J. 324, 237–250 (2017)
24. M.J. Nine, D.N.H. Tran, T.T. Tung, S. Kabiri, D. Losic, Graphene-borate as an efficient fire
retardant for cellulosic materials with multiple and synergetic modes of action. ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 9, 10160–10168 (2017)
25. M. Kuruma, S.S. Ray, N. Kumar, Enhanced thermo-mechanical stiffness, thermal stability,
and fire retardant performance of surface-modified 2D MoS 2 nanosheet-reinforced
polyurethane composites. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 304, 1800562 (2019)
26. K. Zhou, S. Jiang, Y. Shi, J. Liu, B. Wang, Y. Hu, Z. Gui, Multigram-scale fabrication of
organic modified MoS 2 nanosheets dispersed in polystyrene with improved thermal stability,
fire resistance, and smoke suppression properties. RSC Adv. 4, 40170–40180 (2014)
27. J.R. Potts, D.R. Dreyer, C.W. Bielawski, R.S. Ruoff, Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 52, 5–25 (2011)
28. K. Zhou, G. Tang, R. Gao, S. Jiang, In situ growth of 0D silica nanospheres on 2D
molybdenum disulfide nanosheets: towards reducing fire hazards of epoxy resin. J. Hazard.
Mater. 344, 1078–1089 (2018)
29. M. Kuruma, J. Bandyopadhyay, S.S. Ray, Thermal degradation characteristic and flame
retardancy of polylactide-based nanobiocomposites. Molecules 23, 2648 (2018)
82
6 Melt-Dripping and Char Formation