66. Y.L. Liu, C.S. Wu, K.Y. Hsu, T.C. Chang, Flame-retardant epoxy resins from o-cresol
novolac epoxy cured with a phosphorus-containing aralkyl novolac. J. Polym. Sci. Part A:
Polym. Chem. 40, 2329–2339 (2002)
67. M. Thirumal, D. Dhastgir, N.K. Singha, B. Manjunath, Y. Naik, Effect of foam density on
the properties of water blown rigid polyurethane foam. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 108, 1810–1817
(2008)
68. G. Moroi, C. Ciobanu, Aspects of polyesterurethane interaction with metallic ions: II.
Synthesis and thermal behavior of polyurethane interaction products with manganese and
copper ions. Thermochim. Acta 385, 153–162 (2002)
69. X. Liu, J. Hao, S. Gaan, Recent studies on the decomposition and strategies of smoke and
toxicity suppression for polyurethane based materials. RSC Adv. 6, 74742–74756 (2016)
70. T.L. Junod, Gaseous emissions and toxic hazards associated with plastics in fire situations: a
literature review, NSAA Technical Report (NASA-TN-D-8338, E-8549), 1976
71. D. Gross, J.J. Loftus, T.G. Lee, V.E. Gray, Smoke and Gases Produced by Burning Aircraft
Interior Materials (National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, 1968)
72. H. MacFarland, The pyrolysis products of plastics—problems in defining their toxicity. Am.
Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 29, 7–9 (1968)
73. D. Purser, P. Grimshaw, The incapacitative effects of exposure to the thermal decomposition
products of polyurethane foams. Fire Mater. 8, 10–16 (1984)
74. G. Jeffs, H. Sand, Polyurethane and fires: the role of thermal decomposition products on life
risk. Cell. Polym. 3, 401–409 (1984)
75. M. Herrera, M. Wilhelm, G. Matuschek, A. Kettrup, Thermoanalytical and pyrolysis studies
of nitrogen containing polymers. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 58, 173–188 (2001)
76. D. Price, Y. Liu, G.J. Milnes, R. Hull, B.K. Kandola, A.R. Horrocks, An investigation into
the mechanism of flame retardancy and smoke suppression by melamine in flexible
polyurethane foam. Fire Mater. 26, 201–206 (2002)
77. S.G. Vincent, A Search for Identity: Exploring Core Competencies for Interdisciplinary
Environmental Programs (Oklahoma State University, 2010)
78. S.T. McKenna, T.R. Hull, The fire toxicity of polyurethane foams. Fire Sci. Rev. 5, 3 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40038-016-0012-3
79. K. Salasinska, M. Borucka, M. Leszczyńska, W. Zatorski, M. Celiński, A. Gajek,
J. Ryszkowska, Analysis of flammability and smoke emission of rigid polyurethane foams
modified with nanoparticles and halogen-free fire retardants. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 130,
131–141 (2017)
80. G. Nelson, Fire and Polymers. II: Materials and Test for Hazard Prevention. ACS
Symposium Series (1995)
81. R.E. Lyon, Solid-state thermochemistry of flaming combustion (Marcel Dekker Inc., NY,
2000)
82. R. Jian, P. Wang, W. Duan, J. Wang, X. Zheng, J. Weng, Synthesis of a novel P/N/
S-containing flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin: thermal property, flame
retardance, and pyrolysis behavior. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55, 11520–11527 (2016)
83. Q. Tang, R. Yang, Y. Song, J. He, Investigations of flame-retarded thermoplastic poly
(imide–urethane)s with intumescent flame retardants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 9728–9737
(2014)
84. T. Mariappan, Y. Zhou, J. Hao, C.A. Wilkie, Influence of oxidation state of phosphorus on
the thermal and flammability of polyurea and epoxy resin. Eur. Polym. J. 49, 3171–3180
(2013)
85. P. Blomqvist, T. Hertzberg, M. Dalene, G. Skarping, Isocyanates, aminoisocyanates and
amines from fires—a screening of common materials found in buildings. Fire Mater. 27,
275–294 (2003)
86. S.V. Levchik, E.D. Weil, Combustion and fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons. Polym. Int. 49,
1033–1073 (2000)
87. W.L. Grosshandler, A Review of Measurements and Candidate Signatures for Early Fire
Detection (National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, 1995)
References
65
novolac epoxy cured with a phosphorus-containing aralkyl novolac. J. Polym. Sci. Part A:
Polym. Chem. 40, 2329–2339 (2002)
67. M. Thirumal, D. Dhastgir, N.K. Singha, B. Manjunath, Y. Naik, Effect of foam density on
the properties of water blown rigid polyurethane foam. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 108, 1810–1817
(2008)
68. G. Moroi, C. Ciobanu, Aspects of polyesterurethane interaction with metallic ions: II.
Synthesis and thermal behavior of polyurethane interaction products with manganese and
copper ions. Thermochim. Acta 385, 153–162 (2002)
69. X. Liu, J. Hao, S. Gaan, Recent studies on the decomposition and strategies of smoke and
toxicity suppression for polyurethane based materials. RSC Adv. 6, 74742–74756 (2016)
70. T.L. Junod, Gaseous emissions and toxic hazards associated with plastics in fire situations: a
literature review, NSAA Technical Report (NASA-TN-D-8338, E-8549), 1976
71. D. Gross, J.J. Loftus, T.G. Lee, V.E. Gray, Smoke and Gases Produced by Burning Aircraft
Interior Materials (National Bureau of Standards, Washington DC, 1968)
72. H. MacFarland, The pyrolysis products of plastics—problems in defining their toxicity. Am.
Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 29, 7–9 (1968)
73. D. Purser, P. Grimshaw, The incapacitative effects of exposure to the thermal decomposition
products of polyurethane foams. Fire Mater. 8, 10–16 (1984)
74. G. Jeffs, H. Sand, Polyurethane and fires: the role of thermal decomposition products on life
risk. Cell. Polym. 3, 401–409 (1984)
75. M. Herrera, M. Wilhelm, G. Matuschek, A. Kettrup, Thermoanalytical and pyrolysis studies
of nitrogen containing polymers. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 58, 173–188 (2001)
76. D. Price, Y. Liu, G.J. Milnes, R. Hull, B.K. Kandola, A.R. Horrocks, An investigation into
the mechanism of flame retardancy and smoke suppression by melamine in flexible
polyurethane foam. Fire Mater. 26, 201–206 (2002)
77. S.G. Vincent, A Search for Identity: Exploring Core Competencies for Interdisciplinary
Environmental Programs (Oklahoma State University, 2010)
78. S.T. McKenna, T.R. Hull, The fire toxicity of polyurethane foams. Fire Sci. Rev. 5, 3 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40038-016-0012-3
79. K. Salasinska, M. Borucka, M. Leszczyńska, W. Zatorski, M. Celiński, A. Gajek,
J. Ryszkowska, Analysis of flammability and smoke emission of rigid polyurethane foams
modified with nanoparticles and halogen-free fire retardants. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 130,
131–141 (2017)
80. G. Nelson, Fire and Polymers. II: Materials and Test for Hazard Prevention. ACS
Symposium Series (1995)
81. R.E. Lyon, Solid-state thermochemistry of flaming combustion (Marcel Dekker Inc., NY,
2000)
82. R. Jian, P. Wang, W. Duan, J. Wang, X. Zheng, J. Weng, Synthesis of a novel P/N/
S-containing flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin: thermal property, flame
retardance, and pyrolysis behavior. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55, 11520–11527 (2016)
83. Q. Tang, R. Yang, Y. Song, J. He, Investigations of flame-retarded thermoplastic poly
(imide–urethane)s with intumescent flame retardants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 9728–9737
(2014)
84. T. Mariappan, Y. Zhou, J. Hao, C.A. Wilkie, Influence of oxidation state of phosphorus on
the thermal and flammability of polyurea and epoxy resin. Eur. Polym. J. 49, 3171–3180
(2013)
85. P. Blomqvist, T. Hertzberg, M. Dalene, G. Skarping, Isocyanates, aminoisocyanates and
amines from fires—a screening of common materials found in buildings. Fire Mater. 27,
275–294 (2003)
86. S.V. Levchik, E.D. Weil, Combustion and fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons. Polym. Int. 49,
1033–1073 (2000)
87. W.L. Grosshandler, A Review of Measurements and Candidate Signatures for Early Fire
Detection (National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, 1995)
References
65