44. R. Narayan, D. Chattopadhyay, B. Sreedhar, K. Raju, Cure, viscoelastic and mechanical
properties of hydroxylated polyester melamine high solids coatings. J. Mater. Sci. 37, 4911–
4918 (2002)
45. J. Garrett, J. Runt, J. Lin, Microphase separation of segmented poly (urethane urea) block
copolymers. Macromolecules 33, 6353–6359 (2000)
46. S. Chang, T. Yu, C. Huang, W. Chen, K. Linliu, T. Lin, Effect of polyester side-chains on
the phase segregation of polyurethanes using small-angle X-ray scattering. Polymer 39,
3479–3489 (1998)
47. J. Garrett, J. Lin, J. Runt, Influence of preparation conditions on microdomain formation in
poly (urethane urea) block copolymers. Macromolecules 35, 161–168 (2002)
48. A. Saiani, C. Rochas, G. Eeckhaut, W. Daunch, J.W. Leenslag, J. Higgins, Origin of
multiple melting endotherms in a high hard block content polyurethane. 2. Structural
investigation. Macromolecules 37, 1411–1421 (2004)
49. A. Aneja, G.L. Wilkes, A systematic series of ‘model’ PTMO based segmented
polyurethanes reinvestigated using atomic force microscopy. Polymer 44, 7221–7228 (2003)
50. M. Song, H. Xia, K. Yao, D. Hourston, A study on phase morphology and surface properties
of polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite. Eur. Polym. J. 41, 259–266 (2005)
51. E. Dyer, R.E. Read, New catalysts for the conversion of isocyanates to carbodiimides.
J. Org. Chem. 26, 4677–4678 (1961)
52. J. Blackwell, M. Nagarajan, Conformational analysis of poly (MDI-butandiol) hard segment
in polyurethane elastomers. Polymer 22, 202–208 (1981)
53. J. Blackwell, J. Quay, M. Nagarajan, L. Born, H. Hespe, Molecular parameters for the
prediction of polyurethane structures. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 22, 1247–1259
(1984)
54. J. Blackwell, M. Nagarajan, T. Hoitink, Structure of polyurethane elastomers: effect of chain
extender length on the structure of MDI/diol hard segments. Polymer 23, 950–956 (1982)
55. D.K. Chattopadhyay, K. Raju, Structural engineering of polyurethane coatings for high
performance applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 32, 352–418 (2007)
56. R. Narayan, D. Chattopadhyay, B. Sreedhar, K. Raju, N. Mallikarjuna, T. Aminabhavi,
Synthesis and characterization of crosslinked polyurethane dispersions based on hydroxylated polyesters. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 99, 368–380 (2006)
57. M. Szycher, Szycher’s Handbook of Polyurethanes (CRC Press, 1999)
58. K. Ashida, K. Saiki, J. Goto, K. Sasaki, Polyisocyanurate Foams Modified by Thermally
Stable Linkages (ACS Publications, 1997)
59. H. Fabris, Thermal and oxidative stability of urethanes. Adv. Urethane Sci. Technol. 6, 173–
196 (1978)
60. G. Lligadas, J.C. Ronda, M. Galià, V. Cádiz, Poly (ether urethane) networks from renewable
resources as candidate biomaterials: synthesis and characterization. Biomacromol 8, 686–
692 (2007)
61. M. Kuruma, T. Jana, Hydrophobic, water-dispersible polyurethane: role of polybutadiene
diol structure. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 7423–7435 (2015)
62. P. Kordomenos, J. Kresta, Thermal stability of isocyanate-based polymers. 1. Kinetics of the
thermal dissociation of urethane, oxazolidone, and isocyanurate groups. Macromolecules 14,
1434–1437 (1981)
63. W. Endres, M.D. Lechner, R. Steinberger, The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of
thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers under thermoplastic processing conditions.
Macromol. Mater. Eng. 288, 525–530 (2003)
64. X. Qin, J. Xiong, X. Yang, X. Wang, Z. Zheng, Preparation, morphology, and properties of
polyurethane–urea elastomers derived from sulphone-containing aromatic diamine. J. Appl.
Polym. Sci. 104, 3554–3561 (2007)
65. D. Chattopadhyay, D.C. Webster, Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyurethanes.
Prog. Polym. Sci. 34, 1068–1133 (2009)
64
5 Flame-Retardant Polyurethanes
properties of hydroxylated polyester melamine high solids coatings. J. Mater. Sci. 37, 4911–
4918 (2002)
45. J. Garrett, J. Runt, J. Lin, Microphase separation of segmented poly (urethane urea) block
copolymers. Macromolecules 33, 6353–6359 (2000)
46. S. Chang, T. Yu, C. Huang, W. Chen, K. Linliu, T. Lin, Effect of polyester side-chains on
the phase segregation of polyurethanes using small-angle X-ray scattering. Polymer 39,
3479–3489 (1998)
47. J. Garrett, J. Lin, J. Runt, Influence of preparation conditions on microdomain formation in
poly (urethane urea) block copolymers. Macromolecules 35, 161–168 (2002)
48. A. Saiani, C. Rochas, G. Eeckhaut, W. Daunch, J.W. Leenslag, J. Higgins, Origin of
multiple melting endotherms in a high hard block content polyurethane. 2. Structural
investigation. Macromolecules 37, 1411–1421 (2004)
49. A. Aneja, G.L. Wilkes, A systematic series of ‘model’ PTMO based segmented
polyurethanes reinvestigated using atomic force microscopy. Polymer 44, 7221–7228 (2003)
50. M. Song, H. Xia, K. Yao, D. Hourston, A study on phase morphology and surface properties
of polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite. Eur. Polym. J. 41, 259–266 (2005)
51. E. Dyer, R.E. Read, New catalysts for the conversion of isocyanates to carbodiimides.
J. Org. Chem. 26, 4677–4678 (1961)
52. J. Blackwell, M. Nagarajan, Conformational analysis of poly (MDI-butandiol) hard segment
in polyurethane elastomers. Polymer 22, 202–208 (1981)
53. J. Blackwell, J. Quay, M. Nagarajan, L. Born, H. Hespe, Molecular parameters for the
prediction of polyurethane structures. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 22, 1247–1259
(1984)
54. J. Blackwell, M. Nagarajan, T. Hoitink, Structure of polyurethane elastomers: effect of chain
extender length on the structure of MDI/diol hard segments. Polymer 23, 950–956 (1982)
55. D.K. Chattopadhyay, K. Raju, Structural engineering of polyurethane coatings for high
performance applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 32, 352–418 (2007)
56. R. Narayan, D. Chattopadhyay, B. Sreedhar, K. Raju, N. Mallikarjuna, T. Aminabhavi,
Synthesis and characterization of crosslinked polyurethane dispersions based on hydroxylated polyesters. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 99, 368–380 (2006)
57. M. Szycher, Szycher’s Handbook of Polyurethanes (CRC Press, 1999)
58. K. Ashida, K. Saiki, J. Goto, K. Sasaki, Polyisocyanurate Foams Modified by Thermally
Stable Linkages (ACS Publications, 1997)
59. H. Fabris, Thermal and oxidative stability of urethanes. Adv. Urethane Sci. Technol. 6, 173–
196 (1978)
60. G. Lligadas, J.C. Ronda, M. Galià, V. Cádiz, Poly (ether urethane) networks from renewable
resources as candidate biomaterials: synthesis and characterization. Biomacromol 8, 686–
692 (2007)
61. M. Kuruma, T. Jana, Hydrophobic, water-dispersible polyurethane: role of polybutadiene
diol structure. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 7423–7435 (2015)
62. P. Kordomenos, J. Kresta, Thermal stability of isocyanate-based polymers. 1. Kinetics of the
thermal dissociation of urethane, oxazolidone, and isocyanurate groups. Macromolecules 14,
1434–1437 (1981)
63. W. Endres, M.D. Lechner, R. Steinberger, The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of
thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers under thermoplastic processing conditions.
Macromol. Mater. Eng. 288, 525–530 (2003)
64. X. Qin, J. Xiong, X. Yang, X. Wang, Z. Zheng, Preparation, morphology, and properties of
polyurethane–urea elastomers derived from sulphone-containing aromatic diamine. J. Appl.
Polym. Sci. 104, 3554–3561 (2007)
65. D. Chattopadhyay, D.C. Webster, Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyurethanes.
Prog. Polym. Sci. 34, 1068–1133 (2009)
64
5 Flame-Retardant Polyurethanes