79. X. Liu, K.A. Salmeia, D. Rentsch, J. Hao, S. Gaan, Thermal decomposition and flammability
of rigid PU foams containing some DOPO derivatives and other phosphorus compounds.
J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 124, 219–229 (2017)
80. X. Li, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, H. Yan, X. Zhang, B. Xu, Highly efficient flame retardant, flexible,
and strong adhesive intumescent coating on polypropylene using hyperbranched polyamide.
Chem. Eng. J. 324, 237–250 (2017)
81. P.L. Kuo, J.M. Chang, T.L. Wang, Flame‐retarding materials—I. Syntheses and flame‐
retarding property of alkylphosphate‐type polyols and corresponding polyurethanes. J. Appl.
Polym. Sci. 69, 1635–1643 (1998)
82. D. Price, L.K. Cunliffe, K. Bullett, T.R. Hull, G.J. Milnes, J.R. Ebdon, B.J. Hunt, P. Joseph,
Thermal behaviour of covalently bonded phosphate and phosphonate flame retardant
polystyrene systems. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 1101–1114 (2007)
83. A. Lorenzetti, M. Modesti, S. Besco, D. Hrelja, S. Donadi, Influence of phosphorus valency
on thermal behaviour of flame retarded polyurethane foams. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 1455–
1461 (2011)
84. H. Yang, L. Song, Q. Tai, X. Wang, B. Yu, Y. Yuan, Y. Hu, R.K. Yuen, Comparative study
on the flame retarded efficiency of melamine phosphate, melamine phosphite and melamine
hypophosphite on poly(butylene succinate) composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 105, 248–256
(2014)
85. S. Levchik, G. Camino, L. Costa, M. Luda, Mechanistic study of thermal behaviour and
combustion performance of carbon fibre-epoxy resin composites fire retarded with a
phosphorus-based curing system. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 54, 317–322 (1996)
86. P.L. Kuo, J.S. Wang, P.C. Chen, L.W. Chen, Flame‐retarding materials, 3. Tailor‐made
thermal stability epoxy curing agents containing difunctional phosphoric amide groups.
Macromol. Chem. Phy. 202, 2175–2180 (2001)
87. U. Braun, A.I. Balabanovich, B. Schartel, U. Knoll, J. Artner, M. Ciesielski, M. Döring, R.
Perez, J.K. Sandler, V. Altstädt, Influence of the oxidation state of phosphorus on the
decomposition and fire behaviour of flame-retarded epoxy resin composites. Polymer 47,
8495–8508 (2006)
88. K.C. Cheng, S.Y. Yu, W.Y. Chiu, Thermal properties of side-chain phosphorus-containing
epoxide cured with amine. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 83, 2741–2748 (2002)
89. T. Mariappan, Y. Zhou, J. Hao, C.A. Wilkie, Influence of oxidation state of phosphorus on
the thermal and flammability of polyurea and epoxy resin. Eur. Polym. J. 49, 3171–3180
(2013)
90. H.P.N. Allcock, Compounds (Academic Press, New York, 1972)
91. D. Tate, Polyphosphazene elastomers, J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Symp. 48, 33–45 (1974)
92. H. Allcock, Phosphazene high polymers. Chem. Br. 10, 118–121 (1974)
93. P. Potin, R. De Jaeger, Polyphosphazenes: synthesis, structures, properties, applications.
Eur. Polym. J. 27, 341–348 (1991)
94. C.W. Allen, The use of phosphazenes as fire resistant materials. J. Fire Flammabil. 11, 320–
328 (1993)
95. W.B. Mueller, Polyphosphazene foam—a new highly fire resistant thermal insulation.
J. Cell. Plast. 22, 53–63 (1986)
96. E. Quinn, R. Dieck, Flame and smoke properties of the polyphosphazenes. II. 1:1-poly/
aryloxyphosphazene/ copolymers. J. Fire Flammabil. 7, 358–367 (1976)
97. A. DiEdwardo, F. Zitomer, D. Stuetz, R. Singler, D. Macaione, Flame-retardant
characteristics of polyorganophosphazenes in polymeric substrates, in Abstracts of Paper
of the American Chemical Society, AMER Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1976,
p. 115
98. H. Penton, Polyphosphazenes: Performance Polymers for Specialty Applications (ACS
Publications, 1988)
99. H.R. Allcock, The synthesis of functional polyphosphazenes and their surfaces. Appl.
Organomet. Chem. 12, 659–666 (1998)
100. H.R. Allcock, Inorganic–organic polymers. Adv. Mater. 6, 106–115 (1994)
42
4 Types of Flame Retardants Used for the Synthesis of …
of rigid PU foams containing some DOPO derivatives and other phosphorus compounds.
J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 124, 219–229 (2017)
80. X. Li, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, H. Yan, X. Zhang, B. Xu, Highly efficient flame retardant, flexible,
and strong adhesive intumescent coating on polypropylene using hyperbranched polyamide.
Chem. Eng. J. 324, 237–250 (2017)
81. P.L. Kuo, J.M. Chang, T.L. Wang, Flame‐retarding materials—I. Syntheses and flame‐
retarding property of alkylphosphate‐type polyols and corresponding polyurethanes. J. Appl.
Polym. Sci. 69, 1635–1643 (1998)
82. D. Price, L.K. Cunliffe, K. Bullett, T.R. Hull, G.J. Milnes, J.R. Ebdon, B.J. Hunt, P. Joseph,
Thermal behaviour of covalently bonded phosphate and phosphonate flame retardant
polystyrene systems. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 92, 1101–1114 (2007)
83. A. Lorenzetti, M. Modesti, S. Besco, D. Hrelja, S. Donadi, Influence of phosphorus valency
on thermal behaviour of flame retarded polyurethane foams. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96, 1455–
1461 (2011)
84. H. Yang, L. Song, Q. Tai, X. Wang, B. Yu, Y. Yuan, Y. Hu, R.K. Yuen, Comparative study
on the flame retarded efficiency of melamine phosphate, melamine phosphite and melamine
hypophosphite on poly(butylene succinate) composites. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 105, 248–256
(2014)
85. S. Levchik, G. Camino, L. Costa, M. Luda, Mechanistic study of thermal behaviour and
combustion performance of carbon fibre-epoxy resin composites fire retarded with a
phosphorus-based curing system. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 54, 317–322 (1996)
86. P.L. Kuo, J.S. Wang, P.C. Chen, L.W. Chen, Flame‐retarding materials, 3. Tailor‐made
thermal stability epoxy curing agents containing difunctional phosphoric amide groups.
Macromol. Chem. Phy. 202, 2175–2180 (2001)
87. U. Braun, A.I. Balabanovich, B. Schartel, U. Knoll, J. Artner, M. Ciesielski, M. Döring, R.
Perez, J.K. Sandler, V. Altstädt, Influence of the oxidation state of phosphorus on the
decomposition and fire behaviour of flame-retarded epoxy resin composites. Polymer 47,
8495–8508 (2006)
88. K.C. Cheng, S.Y. Yu, W.Y. Chiu, Thermal properties of side-chain phosphorus-containing
epoxide cured with amine. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 83, 2741–2748 (2002)
89. T. Mariappan, Y. Zhou, J. Hao, C.A. Wilkie, Influence of oxidation state of phosphorus on
the thermal and flammability of polyurea and epoxy resin. Eur. Polym. J. 49, 3171–3180
(2013)
90. H.P.N. Allcock, Compounds (Academic Press, New York, 1972)
91. D. Tate, Polyphosphazene elastomers, J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Symp. 48, 33–45 (1974)
92. H. Allcock, Phosphazene high polymers. Chem. Br. 10, 118–121 (1974)
93. P. Potin, R. De Jaeger, Polyphosphazenes: synthesis, structures, properties, applications.
Eur. Polym. J. 27, 341–348 (1991)
94. C.W. Allen, The use of phosphazenes as fire resistant materials. J. Fire Flammabil. 11, 320–
328 (1993)
95. W.B. Mueller, Polyphosphazene foam—a new highly fire resistant thermal insulation.
J. Cell. Plast. 22, 53–63 (1986)
96. E. Quinn, R. Dieck, Flame and smoke properties of the polyphosphazenes. II. 1:1-poly/
aryloxyphosphazene/ copolymers. J. Fire Flammabil. 7, 358–367 (1976)
97. A. DiEdwardo, F. Zitomer, D. Stuetz, R. Singler, D. Macaione, Flame-retardant
characteristics of polyorganophosphazenes in polymeric substrates, in Abstracts of Paper
of the American Chemical Society, AMER Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1976,
p. 115
98. H. Penton, Polyphosphazenes: Performance Polymers for Specialty Applications (ACS
Publications, 1988)
99. H.R. Allcock, The synthesis of functional polyphosphazenes and their surfaces. Appl.
Organomet. Chem. 12, 659–666 (1998)
100. H.R. Allcock, Inorganic–organic polymers. Adv. Mater. 6, 106–115 (1994)
42
4 Types of Flame Retardants Used for the Synthesis of …