38. M. Liu, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, Flame-retarded poly(propylene) with melamine phosphate and
pentaerythritol/polyurethane composite charring agent. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 292, 206–
213 (2007)
39. W.Y. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, F.C. Chang, Thermal and flame retardation properties of melamine
phosphate-modified epoxy resins. J. Polym. Res. 11, 109–117 (2004)
40. Q. Tang, R. Yang, Y. Song, J. He, Investigations of flame-retarded thermoplastic poly
(imide–urethane)s with intumescent flame retardants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 9728–9737
(2014)
41. P. Lv, Z. Wang, K. Hu, W. Fan, Flammability and thermal degradation of flame retarded
polypropylene composites containing melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol derivatives.
Polym. Degrad. Stab. 90, 523–534 (2005)
42. S.H. Chiu, W.K. Wang, Dynamic flame retardancy of polypropylene filled with ammonium
polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and melamine additives. Polymer 39, 1951–1955 (1998)
43. Z.B. Shao, C. Deng, Y. Tan, M.J. Chen, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, An efficient mono-component
polymeric intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene: preparation and application. ACS
Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 7363–7370 (2014)
44. W.H. Rao, Z.Y. Hu, H.X. Xu, Y.J. Xu, M. Qi, W. Liao, S. Xu, Y.Z. Wang, Flame retardant
flexible polyurethane foams with highly efficient melamine salt. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56,
7112–7119 (2017)
45. M.J. Chen, Y.J. Xu, W.H. Rao, J.Q. Huang, X.L. Wang, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Influence of
valence and structure of phosphorus-containing melamine salts on the decomposition and
fire behaviors of flexible polyurethane foams. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 8773–8783 (2014)
46. S. Giraud, S. Bourbigot, M. Rochery, I. Vroman, L. Tighzert, R. Delobel, F. Poutch, Flame
retarded polyurea with microencapsulated ammonium phosphate for textile coating. Polym.
Degrad. Stab. 88, 106–113 (2005)
47. S. Giraud, S. Bourbigot, M. Rochery, I. Vroman, L. Tighzert, R. Delobel, Flame behavior of
cotton coated with polyurethane containing microencapsulated flame retardant agent. J. Ind.
Text. 31, 11–26 (2001)
48. S. Zhou, H. Lu, L. Song, Z. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Ni, W. Xing, Microencapsulated ammonium
polyphosphate with polyurethane shell: application to flame retarded polypropylene/
ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer blends. J. Macromol. Sci. Part A 46, 136–144 (2008)
49. J. Ni, L. Song, Y. Hu, P. Zhang, W. Xing, Preparation and characterization of
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate with polyurethane shell by in situ polymerization and its flame retardance in polyurethane. Polym. Adv. Technol. 20, 999–1005 (2009)
50. Y. Liu, M. Liu, D. Xie, Q. Wang, Thermoplastic polyurethane-encapsulated melamine
phosphate flame retardant polyoxymethylene. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 47, 330–334
(2008)
51. J. Imuta, N. Kashiwa, S. Ota, S. Moriya, T. Nobori, K. Mizutani, Polar group-containing
olefin copolymer, process for preparing the same, thermoplastic resin composition
containing the copolymer, and uses thereof, Google Patents, 2010
52. K. Pielichowski, A. Leszczynska, Structure–property relationships in polyoxymethylene/
thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer blends. J. Polym. Eng. 25, 359–373 (2005)
53. M. Mehrabzadeh, D. Rezaie, Impact modification of polyacetal by thermoplastic elastomer
polyurethane. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 84, 2573–2582 (2002)
54. K. Palanivelu, S. Balakrishnan, P. Rengasamy, Thermoplastic polyurethane toughened
polyacetal blends. Polym. Test. 19, 75–83 (2000)
55. F.C. Chang, M.Y. Yang, J.S. Wu, Blends of polycarbonate and polyacetal. Polymer 32,
1394–1400 (1991)
56. H. Piechota, Some correlations between raw materials, formalation, and flame-retardant
properties of rigid urethane foams. J. Cell. Plast. 1, 186–199 (1965)
57. E.N. Peters, Flame‐retardant thermoplastics. I. Polyethylene–red phosphorus. J. Appl.
Polym. Sci. 24, 1457–1464 (1979)
40
4 Types of Flame Retardants Used for the Synthesis of …
pentaerythritol/polyurethane composite charring agent. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 292, 206–
213 (2007)
39. W.Y. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, F.C. Chang, Thermal and flame retardation properties of melamine
phosphate-modified epoxy resins. J. Polym. Res. 11, 109–117 (2004)
40. Q. Tang, R. Yang, Y. Song, J. He, Investigations of flame-retarded thermoplastic poly
(imide–urethane)s with intumescent flame retardants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 9728–9737
(2014)
41. P. Lv, Z. Wang, K. Hu, W. Fan, Flammability and thermal degradation of flame retarded
polypropylene composites containing melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol derivatives.
Polym. Degrad. Stab. 90, 523–534 (2005)
42. S.H. Chiu, W.K. Wang, Dynamic flame retardancy of polypropylene filled with ammonium
polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and melamine additives. Polymer 39, 1951–1955 (1998)
43. Z.B. Shao, C. Deng, Y. Tan, M.J. Chen, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, An efficient mono-component
polymeric intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene: preparation and application. ACS
Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 7363–7370 (2014)
44. W.H. Rao, Z.Y. Hu, H.X. Xu, Y.J. Xu, M. Qi, W. Liao, S. Xu, Y.Z. Wang, Flame retardant
flexible polyurethane foams with highly efficient melamine salt. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 56,
7112–7119 (2017)
45. M.J. Chen, Y.J. Xu, W.H. Rao, J.Q. Huang, X.L. Wang, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Influence of
valence and structure of phosphorus-containing melamine salts on the decomposition and
fire behaviors of flexible polyurethane foams. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 8773–8783 (2014)
46. S. Giraud, S. Bourbigot, M. Rochery, I. Vroman, L. Tighzert, R. Delobel, F. Poutch, Flame
retarded polyurea with microencapsulated ammonium phosphate for textile coating. Polym.
Degrad. Stab. 88, 106–113 (2005)
47. S. Giraud, S. Bourbigot, M. Rochery, I. Vroman, L. Tighzert, R. Delobel, Flame behavior of
cotton coated with polyurethane containing microencapsulated flame retardant agent. J. Ind.
Text. 31, 11–26 (2001)
48. S. Zhou, H. Lu, L. Song, Z. Wang, Y. Hu, J. Ni, W. Xing, Microencapsulated ammonium
polyphosphate with polyurethane shell: application to flame retarded polypropylene/
ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer blends. J. Macromol. Sci. Part A 46, 136–144 (2008)
49. J. Ni, L. Song, Y. Hu, P. Zhang, W. Xing, Preparation and characterization of
microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate with polyurethane shell by in situ polymerization and its flame retardance in polyurethane. Polym. Adv. Technol. 20, 999–1005 (2009)
50. Y. Liu, M. Liu, D. Xie, Q. Wang, Thermoplastic polyurethane-encapsulated melamine
phosphate flame retardant polyoxymethylene. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 47, 330–334
(2008)
51. J. Imuta, N. Kashiwa, S. Ota, S. Moriya, T. Nobori, K. Mizutani, Polar group-containing
olefin copolymer, process for preparing the same, thermoplastic resin composition
containing the copolymer, and uses thereof, Google Patents, 2010
52. K. Pielichowski, A. Leszczynska, Structure–property relationships in polyoxymethylene/
thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer blends. J. Polym. Eng. 25, 359–373 (2005)
53. M. Mehrabzadeh, D. Rezaie, Impact modification of polyacetal by thermoplastic elastomer
polyurethane. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 84, 2573–2582 (2002)
54. K. Palanivelu, S. Balakrishnan, P. Rengasamy, Thermoplastic polyurethane toughened
polyacetal blends. Polym. Test. 19, 75–83 (2000)
55. F.C. Chang, M.Y. Yang, J.S. Wu, Blends of polycarbonate and polyacetal. Polymer 32,
1394–1400 (1991)
56. H. Piechota, Some correlations between raw materials, formalation, and flame-retardant
properties of rigid urethane foams. J. Cell. Plast. 1, 186–199 (1965)
57. E.N. Peters, Flame‐retardant thermoplastics. I. Polyethylene–red phosphorus. J. Appl.
Polym. Sci. 24, 1457–1464 (1979)
40
4 Types of Flame Retardants Used for the Synthesis of …