19. J. Han, G. Liang, A. Gu, J. Ye, Z. Zhang, L. Yuan, A novel inorganic–organic hybridized
intumescent flame retardant and its super flame retarding cyanate ester resins. J. Mater.
Chem. A 1, 2169–2182 (2013)
20. B. Wang, Q. Tang, N. Hong, L. Song, L. Wang, Y. Shi, Y. Hu, Effect of cellulose acetate
butyrate microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, mechanical,
electrical, and thermal properties of intumescent flame-retardant ethylene–vinyl acetate
copolymer/microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide-6 blends. ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 3, 3754–3761 (2011)
21. S. Bourbigot, M.L. Bras, F. Dabrowski, J.W. Gilman, T. Kashiwagi, PA-6 clay
nanocomposite hybrid as char forming agent in intumescent formulations. Fire Mater. 24,
201–208 (2000)
22. J.S. Wang, D.Y. Wang, Y. Liu, X.G. Ge, Y.Z. Wang, Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy
of ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 108, 2644–2653 (2008)
23. G. Camino, L. Costa, G. Martinasso, Intumescent fire-retardant systems. Polym. Degrad.
Stab. 23, 359–376 (1989)
24. S. Duquesne, M.L. Bras, S. Bourbigot, R. Delobel, H. Vezin, G. Camino, B. Eling, C.
Lindsay, T. Roels, Expandable graphite: a fire retardant additive for polyurethane coatings.
Fire Mater. 27, 103–117 (2003)
25. M. Lewin, Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials (BCC, 1997)
26. R. Mount, J. Pysz, Phosphates as flame retardant additives, in: Proceedings of the
International Conference on Fire Safety, 1991, pp. 203–11
27. A. Pitts, W. Kuryla, A. Papa, Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials (Marcel Dekker,
New York, 1973)
28. S. Duquesne, M. Le Bras, S. Bourbigot, R. Delobel, G. Camino, B. Eling, C. Lindsay, T.
Roels, H. Vezin, Mechanism of fire retardancy of polyurethanes using ammonium
polyphosphate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 82, 3262–3274 (2001)
29. Y. Yuan, H. Yang, B. Yu, Y. Shi, W. Wang, L. Song, Y. Hu, Y. Zhang, Phosphorus and
nitrogen-containing polyols: synergistic effect on the thermal property and flame retardancy
of rigid polyurethane foam composites. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55, 10813–10822 (2016)
30. Y. Liu, Q. Wang, Catalytic action of phospho-tungstic acid in the synthesis of melamine
salts of pentaerythritol phosphate and their synergistic effects in flame retarded polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 2513–2519 (2006)
31. J.M. Lubczak, R. Lubczak, Melamine polyphosphate—the reactive and additive flame
retardant for polyurethane foams. Acta Chim. Slov. 63, 77–87 (2016)
32. W. Yao, H. Wang, D. Guan, T. Fu, T. Zhang, Y. Dou, The effect of soluble ammonium
polyphosphate on the properties of water blown semirigid polyurethane foams. Adv. Mater.
Sci. Eng. 2017 (2017), Article ID 5282869, 7 pp.
33. G. Camino, L. Costa, L. Trossarelli, F. Costanzi, A. Pagliari, Study of the mechanism of
intumescence in fire retardant polymers: Part VI—Mechanism of ester formation in
ammonium polyphosphate-pentaerythritol mixtures. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 12, 213–228
(1985)
34. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, P. Bréant, J.M. Trémillon, Carbonization mechanisms
resulting from intumescence—Part II. Association with an ethylene terpolymer and the
ammonium polyphosphate-pentaerythritol fire retardant system. Carbon 33, 283–294 (1995)
35. S. Bourbigot, M.L. Bras, P. Bréant, J.M. Trémillon, R. Delobel, Zeolites: new synergistic
agents for intumescent fire retardant thermoplastic formulations—criteria for the choice of
the zeolite. Fire Mater. 20, 145–154 (1996)
36. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, Carbonization mechanisms resulting from
intumescence association with the ammonium polyphosphate-pentaerythritol fire retardant
system. Carbon 31, 1219–1230 (1993)
37. R. Delobel, N. Ouassou, M. Le Bras, J.M. Leroy, Fire retardance of polypropylene: action of
diammonium pyrophosphate-pentaerythritol intumescent mixture. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 23,
349–357 (1989)
References
39
intumescent flame retardant and its super flame retarding cyanate ester resins. J. Mater.
Chem. A 1, 2169–2182 (2013)
20. B. Wang, Q. Tang, N. Hong, L. Song, L. Wang, Y. Shi, Y. Hu, Effect of cellulose acetate
butyrate microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, mechanical,
electrical, and thermal properties of intumescent flame-retardant ethylene–vinyl acetate
copolymer/microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide-6 blends. ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 3, 3754–3761 (2011)
21. S. Bourbigot, M.L. Bras, F. Dabrowski, J.W. Gilman, T. Kashiwagi, PA-6 clay
nanocomposite hybrid as char forming agent in intumescent formulations. Fire Mater. 24,
201–208 (2000)
22. J.S. Wang, D.Y. Wang, Y. Liu, X.G. Ge, Y.Z. Wang, Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy
of ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 108, 2644–2653 (2008)
23. G. Camino, L. Costa, G. Martinasso, Intumescent fire-retardant systems. Polym. Degrad.
Stab. 23, 359–376 (1989)
24. S. Duquesne, M.L. Bras, S. Bourbigot, R. Delobel, H. Vezin, G. Camino, B. Eling, C.
Lindsay, T. Roels, Expandable graphite: a fire retardant additive for polyurethane coatings.
Fire Mater. 27, 103–117 (2003)
25. M. Lewin, Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials (BCC, 1997)
26. R. Mount, J. Pysz, Phosphates as flame retardant additives, in: Proceedings of the
International Conference on Fire Safety, 1991, pp. 203–11
27. A. Pitts, W. Kuryla, A. Papa, Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials (Marcel Dekker,
New York, 1973)
28. S. Duquesne, M. Le Bras, S. Bourbigot, R. Delobel, G. Camino, B. Eling, C. Lindsay, T.
Roels, H. Vezin, Mechanism of fire retardancy of polyurethanes using ammonium
polyphosphate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 82, 3262–3274 (2001)
29. Y. Yuan, H. Yang, B. Yu, Y. Shi, W. Wang, L. Song, Y. Hu, Y. Zhang, Phosphorus and
nitrogen-containing polyols: synergistic effect on the thermal property and flame retardancy
of rigid polyurethane foam composites. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55, 10813–10822 (2016)
30. Y. Liu, Q. Wang, Catalytic action of phospho-tungstic acid in the synthesis of melamine
salts of pentaerythritol phosphate and their synergistic effects in flame retarded polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 2513–2519 (2006)
31. J.M. Lubczak, R. Lubczak, Melamine polyphosphate—the reactive and additive flame
retardant for polyurethane foams. Acta Chim. Slov. 63, 77–87 (2016)
32. W. Yao, H. Wang, D. Guan, T. Fu, T. Zhang, Y. Dou, The effect of soluble ammonium
polyphosphate on the properties of water blown semirigid polyurethane foams. Adv. Mater.
Sci. Eng. 2017 (2017), Article ID 5282869, 7 pp.
33. G. Camino, L. Costa, L. Trossarelli, F. Costanzi, A. Pagliari, Study of the mechanism of
intumescence in fire retardant polymers: Part VI—Mechanism of ester formation in
ammonium polyphosphate-pentaerythritol mixtures. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 12, 213–228
(1985)
34. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, P. Bréant, J.M. Trémillon, Carbonization mechanisms
resulting from intumescence—Part II. Association with an ethylene terpolymer and the
ammonium polyphosphate-pentaerythritol fire retardant system. Carbon 33, 283–294 (1995)
35. S. Bourbigot, M.L. Bras, P. Bréant, J.M. Trémillon, R. Delobel, Zeolites: new synergistic
agents for intumescent fire retardant thermoplastic formulations—criteria for the choice of
the zeolite. Fire Mater. 20, 145–154 (1996)
36. S. Bourbigot, M. Le Bras, R. Delobel, Carbonization mechanisms resulting from
intumescence association with the ammonium polyphosphate-pentaerythritol fire retardant
system. Carbon 31, 1219–1230 (1993)
37. R. Delobel, N. Ouassou, M. Le Bras, J.M. Leroy, Fire retardance of polypropylene: action of
diammonium pyrophosphate-pentaerythritol intumescent mixture. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 23,
349–357 (1989)
References
39