References
1. F. Laoutid, L. Bonnaud, M. Alexandre, J.-M. Lopez-Cuesta, P. Dubois, New prospects in
flame retardant polymer materials: from fundamentals to nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng.
R 63, 100–125 (2009)
2. G. Zaikov, S. Lomakin, Ecological issue of polymer flame retardancy. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
86, 2449–2462 (2002)
3. J.W. Gilman, S.J. Ritchie, T. Kashiwagi, S.M. Lomakin, Fire‐retardant additives for
polymeric materials—I. Char formation from silica gel–potassium carbonate. Fire Mater. 21,
23–32 (1997)
4. X. Su, Y. Yi, J. Tao, H. Qi, D. Li, Synergistic effect between a novel triazine charring agent
and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal behavior of polypropylene.
Polym. Degrad. Stab. 105, 12–20 (2014)
5. Z.Z. Xu, J.Q. Huang, M.J. Chen, Y. Tan, Y.Z. Wang, Flame retardant mechanism of an
efficient flame-retardant polymeric synergist with ammonium polyphosphate for polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 2011–2020 (2013)
6. Q. Lv, J.Q. Huang, M.J. Chen, J. Zhao, Y. Tan, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, An effective flame
retardant and smoke suppression oligomer for epoxy resin. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 9397–
9404 (2013)
7. Z. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Li, Regulating effects of nitrogenous bases on the char structure and
flame retardancy of polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant composites. ACS Sustain.
Chem. Eng. 5, 2375–2383 (2017)
8. X.P. Hu, W.Y. Li, Y.Z. Wang, Synthesis and characterization of a novel nitrogen-containing
flame retardant. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 94, 1556–1561 (2004)
9. X.P. Hu, Y.L. Li, Y.Z. Wang, Synergistic effect of the charring agent on the thermal and
flame retardant properties of polyethylene. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 289, 208–212 (2004)
10. B. Li, M. Xu, Effect of a novel charring–foaming agent on flame retardancy and thermal
degradation of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 1380–
1386 (2006)
11. W. Wang, P. Wen, J. Zhan, N. Hong, W. Cai, Z. Gui, Y. Hu, Synthesis of a novel charring
agent containing pentaerythritol and triazine structure and its intumescent flame retardant
performance for polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 144, 454–463 (2017)
12. Z. Wang, P. Lv, Y. Hu, K. Hu, Thermal degradation study of intumescent flame retardants
by TG and FTIR: melamine phosphate and its mixture with pentaerythritol. J. Anal. Appl.
Pyrolysis 86, 207–214 (2009)
13. M.J. Chen, Z.B. Shao, X.L. Wang, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Halogen-free flame-retardant
flexible polyurethane foam with a novel nitrogen–phosphorus flame retardant. Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res. 51, 9769–9776 (2012)
14. D. Lee, D.H. Hyun, S. Gwon, H.D. Cho, S. Kim, Method for manufacturing dicyclic
phosphorus melamine compounds having superior fire retardancy and fire retardant material
using thereof, Google Patents, 2002
15. Y. Chen, Q. Wang, Preparation, properties and characterizations of halogen-free nitrogen–
phosphorous flame-retarded glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composite. Polym. Degrad.
Stab. 91, 2003–2013 (2006)
16. Y. Tan, Z.B. Shao, X.F. Chen, J.W. Long, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Novel multifunctional
organic–inorganic hybrid curing agent with high flame-retardant efficiency for epoxy resin.
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 17919–17928 (2015)
17. S. Bourbigot, S. Duquesne, Fire retardant polymers: recent developments and opportunities.
J. Mater. Chem. 17, 2283–2300 (2007)
18. S. Chen, J. Li, Y. Zhu, S. Su, Roles of anion of polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids in
properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. RSC Adv. 4, 32902–32913 (2014)
38
4 Types of Flame Retardants Used for the Synthesis of …
1. F. Laoutid, L. Bonnaud, M. Alexandre, J.-M. Lopez-Cuesta, P. Dubois, New prospects in
flame retardant polymer materials: from fundamentals to nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng.
R 63, 100–125 (2009)
2. G. Zaikov, S. Lomakin, Ecological issue of polymer flame retardancy. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
86, 2449–2462 (2002)
3. J.W. Gilman, S.J. Ritchie, T. Kashiwagi, S.M. Lomakin, Fire‐retardant additives for
polymeric materials—I. Char formation from silica gel–potassium carbonate. Fire Mater. 21,
23–32 (1997)
4. X. Su, Y. Yi, J. Tao, H. Qi, D. Li, Synergistic effect between a novel triazine charring agent
and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal behavior of polypropylene.
Polym. Degrad. Stab. 105, 12–20 (2014)
5. Z.Z. Xu, J.Q. Huang, M.J. Chen, Y. Tan, Y.Z. Wang, Flame retardant mechanism of an
efficient flame-retardant polymeric synergist with ammonium polyphosphate for polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 2011–2020 (2013)
6. Q. Lv, J.Q. Huang, M.J. Chen, J. Zhao, Y. Tan, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, An effective flame
retardant and smoke suppression oligomer for epoxy resin. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 9397–
9404 (2013)
7. Z. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Li, Regulating effects of nitrogenous bases on the char structure and
flame retardancy of polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant composites. ACS Sustain.
Chem. Eng. 5, 2375–2383 (2017)
8. X.P. Hu, W.Y. Li, Y.Z. Wang, Synthesis and characterization of a novel nitrogen-containing
flame retardant. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 94, 1556–1561 (2004)
9. X.P. Hu, Y.L. Li, Y.Z. Wang, Synergistic effect of the charring agent on the thermal and
flame retardant properties of polyethylene. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 289, 208–212 (2004)
10. B. Li, M. Xu, Effect of a novel charring–foaming agent on flame retardancy and thermal
degradation of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91, 1380–
1386 (2006)
11. W. Wang, P. Wen, J. Zhan, N. Hong, W. Cai, Z. Gui, Y. Hu, Synthesis of a novel charring
agent containing pentaerythritol and triazine structure and its intumescent flame retardant
performance for polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 144, 454–463 (2017)
12. Z. Wang, P. Lv, Y. Hu, K. Hu, Thermal degradation study of intumescent flame retardants
by TG and FTIR: melamine phosphate and its mixture with pentaerythritol. J. Anal. Appl.
Pyrolysis 86, 207–214 (2009)
13. M.J. Chen, Z.B. Shao, X.L. Wang, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Halogen-free flame-retardant
flexible polyurethane foam with a novel nitrogen–phosphorus flame retardant. Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res. 51, 9769–9776 (2012)
14. D. Lee, D.H. Hyun, S. Gwon, H.D. Cho, S. Kim, Method for manufacturing dicyclic
phosphorus melamine compounds having superior fire retardancy and fire retardant material
using thereof, Google Patents, 2002
15. Y. Chen, Q. Wang, Preparation, properties and characterizations of halogen-free nitrogen–
phosphorous flame-retarded glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composite. Polym. Degrad.
Stab. 91, 2003–2013 (2006)
16. Y. Tan, Z.B. Shao, X.F. Chen, J.W. Long, L. Chen, Y.Z. Wang, Novel multifunctional
organic–inorganic hybrid curing agent with high flame-retardant efficiency for epoxy resin.
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 17919–17928 (2015)
17. S. Bourbigot, S. Duquesne, Fire retardant polymers: recent developments and opportunities.
J. Mater. Chem. 17, 2283–2300 (2007)
18. S. Chen, J. Li, Y. Zhu, S. Su, Roles of anion of polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids in
properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. RSC Adv. 4, 32902–32913 (2014)
38
4 Types of Flame Retardants Used for the Synthesis of …