385
where n represents the number of variables; m represents the factors; and t represents the period. The normalization is considered when the ratio or the sequestration
of CO 2 in the 1990s is assumed to be underestimated and is initially triggered by
diffusion, which relies on the CO 2 gradient. Therefore, the ratio is considered a
naturally appropriate approach that accounts for the time dependence of the CO 2
gradient in the oceans [8, 26, 27].
CO 2 Absorption by Terrestrial Vegetation and the Earth
The variations in the CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels (E FF ) and land-use change
(E LUC ) as well as the growth rate of the atmospheric CO 2 concentration (G ATM ) and
ocean CO 2 sequestration (S OCEAN ) can be accounted for to determine the net sequestration of CO 2 by the terrestrial vegetation (S LAND ) by considering Eq. (18.1).
Therefore, this type of sequestration can be computed as the CO 2 remaining from
the mass balanced budget, which is expressed as follows:
S
E
E
G
S
LAND
FF
LUC
A TM
OCEAN
=
+
−
+
(
)
(18.6)
Here, S LAND is computed from the remainder of the estimates and includes all
perturbed carbon from fossil fuels, land-use change, and CO 2 atmospheric growth
rate. The computation of S LAND in Eq. (18.6) with the budget from the DGVMs can
be used to calculate E LUC by subtracting the impact of land-use changes, which will
provide an independent calculation of a consistent S LAND . Thus, it can represent an
appropriate understanding of the role of the terrestrial vegetation in determining the
response to CO 2 and climate variability (Fig. 18.2).
Calculation of the Growth Rate of the Atmospheric CO 2
Concentration (G ATM )
The total growth rate of the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 was calculated for
1956–2016; that is, the annual increase in the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 was
calculated by comparing records of CO 2 emissions and sequestration from multiple
sources (DEP, NASA, NOAA/ESRL, 2015, Scripps, NEDO, and UNDP), considering that the ocean boundary layers and the air are very well mixed and very much in
a functional band with time period and latitude [28–30]. The growth rate unit, ppm/
year, is then converted from GtC/year to be consistent with the other components.
Methods and Simulation
where n represents the number of variables; m represents the factors; and t represents the period. The normalization is considered when the ratio or the sequestration
of CO 2 in the 1990s is assumed to be underestimated and is initially triggered by
diffusion, which relies on the CO 2 gradient. Therefore, the ratio is considered a
naturally appropriate approach that accounts for the time dependence of the CO 2
gradient in the oceans [8, 26, 27].
CO 2 Absorption by Terrestrial Vegetation and the Earth
The variations in the CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels (E FF ) and land-use change
(E LUC ) as well as the growth rate of the atmospheric CO 2 concentration (G ATM ) and
ocean CO 2 sequestration (S OCEAN ) can be accounted for to determine the net sequestration of CO 2 by the terrestrial vegetation (S LAND ) by considering Eq. (18.1).
Therefore, this type of sequestration can be computed as the CO 2 remaining from
the mass balanced budget, which is expressed as follows:
S
E
E
G
S
LAND
FF
LUC
A TM
OCEAN
=
+
−
+
(
)
(18.6)
Here, S LAND is computed from the remainder of the estimates and includes all
perturbed carbon from fossil fuels, land-use change, and CO 2 atmospheric growth
rate. The computation of S LAND in Eq. (18.6) with the budget from the DGVMs can
be used to calculate E LUC by subtracting the impact of land-use changes, which will
provide an independent calculation of a consistent S LAND . Thus, it can represent an
appropriate understanding of the role of the terrestrial vegetation in determining the
response to CO 2 and climate variability (Fig. 18.2).
Calculation of the Growth Rate of the Atmospheric CO 2
Concentration (G ATM )
The total growth rate of the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 was calculated for
1956–2016; that is, the annual increase in the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 was
calculated by comparing records of CO 2 emissions and sequestration from multiple
sources (DEP, NASA, NOAA/ESRL, 2015, Scripps, NEDO, and UNDP), considering that the ocean boundary layers and the air are very well mixed and very much in
a functional band with time period and latitude [28–30]. The growth rate unit, ppm/
year, is then converted from GtC/year to be consistent with the other components.
Methods and Simulation