384
1
E
d
E
dt
FF
FF
ln
(
)
(18.4)
Here, I calculated the pertinent CO 2 emission growth rates considering multidecadal periods by implementing a nonlinear drift into ln(E FF ) in Eq. (18.4) and by
calculating the yearly growth percentage. Thus, I fitted the logarithm of E FF into the
equation rather than directly using E FF to ensure an accurate growth rate estimate
and satisfy Eq. (18.3) [8–10].
CO 2 Emissions from the Land-Use Change (E LUC )
The emissions reported here (E LUC ) include CO 2 fluxes from deforestation, forest
degradation, and abandonment of agricultural land associated with modern civilization and were calculated by implementing dynamic global vegetation modeling
(DGVM) bookkeeping simulations in MATLAB [11–13]. The simulations were
prepared with DGVMs, in which I initially clarified the historical changes in land
use followed by the atmospheric CO 2 concentrations [10, 14]. Therefore, I implemented a time series of the distribution of preindustrial land cover by allocating the
estimated variance into the first simulation and the dynamic evolution of biomass
soil carbon to the prescribed land-cover change [15–17]. All the DGVMs here represent complete vegetation growth and decay processes as well as decomposition of
dead organic matter to determine the response to increasing atmospheric CO 2 levels
[18–20].
Ocean CO 2 Sink
The CO 2 sequestered by the ocean from 1959 to 2015 was calculated by combining
seven global oceans’ biogeochemical cycle models and this approach can be used to
comprehensively analyze the physical, chemical, and biological processes that are
directly impacted by the concentration of CO 2 at the ocean surface as well as the
air-sea CO 2 fluxes [21, 22]. Thus, the ocean CO 2 sequestration is normalized by
accurate observational values by dividing the individual yearly values by the modeled average for 1990–1999 and then multiplying the result by an observation-based
calculation of 2.2 GtC/year [23–25]. Therefore, the oceanic CO 2 sequestration per
year (t) in GtC/year is calculated as follows:
S
n
S
S
m
m n
m
m
OCEAN
OCEAN
OCEAN
t
t
( ) =
( ) ×
=
=
∑
−
(
)
1
2 2
1
1990 1999
.
(18.5)
18 Air
1
E
d
E
dt
FF
FF
ln
(
)
(18.4)
Here, I calculated the pertinent CO 2 emission growth rates considering multidecadal periods by implementing a nonlinear drift into ln(E FF ) in Eq. (18.4) and by
calculating the yearly growth percentage. Thus, I fitted the logarithm of E FF into the
equation rather than directly using E FF to ensure an accurate growth rate estimate
and satisfy Eq. (18.3) [8–10].
CO 2 Emissions from the Land-Use Change (E LUC )
The emissions reported here (E LUC ) include CO 2 fluxes from deforestation, forest
degradation, and abandonment of agricultural land associated with modern civilization and were calculated by implementing dynamic global vegetation modeling
(DGVM) bookkeeping simulations in MATLAB [11–13]. The simulations were
prepared with DGVMs, in which I initially clarified the historical changes in land
use followed by the atmospheric CO 2 concentrations [10, 14]. Therefore, I implemented a time series of the distribution of preindustrial land cover by allocating the
estimated variance into the first simulation and the dynamic evolution of biomass
soil carbon to the prescribed land-cover change [15–17]. All the DGVMs here represent complete vegetation growth and decay processes as well as decomposition of
dead organic matter to determine the response to increasing atmospheric CO 2 levels
[18–20].
Ocean CO 2 Sink
The CO 2 sequestered by the ocean from 1959 to 2015 was calculated by combining
seven global oceans’ biogeochemical cycle models and this approach can be used to
comprehensively analyze the physical, chemical, and biological processes that are
directly impacted by the concentration of CO 2 at the ocean surface as well as the
air-sea CO 2 fluxes [21, 22]. Thus, the ocean CO 2 sequestration is normalized by
accurate observational values by dividing the individual yearly values by the modeled average for 1990–1999 and then multiplying the result by an observation-based
calculation of 2.2 GtC/year [23–25]. Therefore, the oceanic CO 2 sequestration per
year (t) in GtC/year is calculated as follows:
S
n
S
S
m
m n
m
m
OCEAN
OCEAN
OCEAN
t
t
( ) =
( ) ×
=
=
∑
−
(
)
1
2 2
1
1990 1999
.
(18.5)
18 Air