356
temperature. Subsequently, the I–q relationship in the PV cells varies owing to the
diode current and/or saturation current, which can be expressed as [41, 42]
I
I
T
T
qE T
T
KA
O
R s
C
ref
G
ref
c
§
©
¨
·
¹
¸
§
©
¨
·
¹
¸
ª
¬
«
«
«
«
«
º
¼
»
»
»
»
»
3
1
1
exp
(16.17)
where IR s represents the saturated current considering the functional temperature
and solar irradiance and qE G represents the bandgap energy in the silicon and graphene PV cell considering the normal, normalized, and perfect modes at various
reflectance band structures of photonic energy emission (Fig. 16.6).
Considering a PV module, the I–V equation, apart from the I–V curve, is a conjunction of I–V curves among all cells of the PV panel. Therefore, the equation can
be rewritten as follows to determine the V–R relationship:
V
IR K
I I I
I
ª
¬
«
º
¼
»
s
L
O
O
log
(16.18)
Fig. 16.6 Photonic thermal energy conversion modes in unit area versus frequency at various
reflectance band structures of photonic energy emission by glazing wall skins [43, 44]
16 Sustainable Cities and Communities