349
In the past several decades, huge research has been performed on solar energy
and its supply technology to the national grid for commercial application as the
source of alternative energy technology [11–14]. Shi et al. showed that solar energy
can be harvested by installing massive solar panels in particular places in the tropical
or subtropical area and then supplied to the national grid as a source of sustainable
energy technology [15]. Gleyzes et al. suggested an advanced mechanism of solar
panel by the application of graphene silicon surface that can have maximum 30%
efficiency to capture the solar energy to convert into clean energy [16]. Reinhard
et al. showed that the breakdown of photon energy and its application by quantum
machines into a PV panel can produce tremendous amount of clean energy [17]. All
these research findings are indeed interesting, but these technologies required additional place and technology and supply mechanism to utilize the solar energy, and
none of these investigations revealed that this solar energy can be utilized directly by
the buildings and houses of the cities and communities itself by using its exterior
curtain wall to act as the PV panel to produce energy. In this research, therefore, an
innovative technology has been proposed to design all buildings and houses of the
cities and communities to have at least 25% of the exterior curtain walls to be used
as the photovoltaic (PV) panel to capture the solar radiation and then convert it into
clean energy to meet the total energy demand for a building and house.
Methods and Materials
The buildings and houses of all cities and communities are proposed to be designed in
such a way wherein 25% of the exterior curtain walls are to be built with solar panels.
Prior to that this solar panel acting as curtain wall skin must be determined the factors
involved, angle, latitude, longitude, and coordinate transformation in a Cartesian
coordinate system, to ensure that the maximum solar thermal radiation can be captured by the panel (Fig. 16.2). Considering angle, the acting solar panel needs to be
designed for the effect of latitude and module tilt on the solar radiation received
throughout the year and the module should be facing south in the northern hemisphere
and north in the southern hemisphere [18–20]. Cartesian coordinates for the horizon
system need to be used accordingly where south should be x, west should be y, and
zenith should be z [16, 21, 22]. These positions of the celestial body are to be determined by two angles, height h and azimuth angle A; Cartesian coordinates for the
equatorial system of z′-axis point to the North Pole; east-west y′-axis and x′-axis have
to be perpendicular to both directions. Then the position of the celestial body is to be
determined by declination δ and hour angle ω; refer to figure in the preceding texts.
Since light is an electromagnetic wave which is produced when an electric charge
vibrates due to a hot object, the acting PV panel installation must follow the longitude
and latitude, polar coordinates, and three-dimension axis (x, y, z) to get maximum sunlight obtainable on the building the whole year considering the Stefan–Boltzmann laws.
The clarification of Stefan–Boltzmann laws is that the electromagnetic waves follow the
equal-partition radiation intensity once it is emitted on the plane of the PV panel [23, 24].
Methods and Materials
In the past several decades, huge research has been performed on solar energy
and its supply technology to the national grid for commercial application as the
source of alternative energy technology [11–14]. Shi et al. showed that solar energy
can be harvested by installing massive solar panels in particular places in the tropical
or subtropical area and then supplied to the national grid as a source of sustainable
energy technology [15]. Gleyzes et al. suggested an advanced mechanism of solar
panel by the application of graphene silicon surface that can have maximum 30%
efficiency to capture the solar energy to convert into clean energy [16]. Reinhard
et al. showed that the breakdown of photon energy and its application by quantum
machines into a PV panel can produce tremendous amount of clean energy [17]. All
these research findings are indeed interesting, but these technologies required additional place and technology and supply mechanism to utilize the solar energy, and
none of these investigations revealed that this solar energy can be utilized directly by
the buildings and houses of the cities and communities itself by using its exterior
curtain wall to act as the PV panel to produce energy. In this research, therefore, an
innovative technology has been proposed to design all buildings and houses of the
cities and communities to have at least 25% of the exterior curtain walls to be used
as the photovoltaic (PV) panel to capture the solar radiation and then convert it into
clean energy to meet the total energy demand for a building and house.
Methods and Materials
The buildings and houses of all cities and communities are proposed to be designed in
such a way wherein 25% of the exterior curtain walls are to be built with solar panels.
Prior to that this solar panel acting as curtain wall skin must be determined the factors
involved, angle, latitude, longitude, and coordinate transformation in a Cartesian
coordinate system, to ensure that the maximum solar thermal radiation can be captured by the panel (Fig. 16.2). Considering angle, the acting solar panel needs to be
designed for the effect of latitude and module tilt on the solar radiation received
throughout the year and the module should be facing south in the northern hemisphere
and north in the southern hemisphere [18–20]. Cartesian coordinates for the horizon
system need to be used accordingly where south should be x, west should be y, and
zenith should be z [16, 21, 22]. These positions of the celestial body are to be determined by two angles, height h and azimuth angle A; Cartesian coordinates for the
equatorial system of z′-axis point to the North Pole; east-west y′-axis and x′-axis have
to be perpendicular to both directions. Then the position of the celestial body is to be
determined by declination δ and hour angle ω; refer to figure in the preceding texts.
Since light is an electromagnetic wave which is produced when an electric charge
vibrates due to a hot object, the acting PV panel installation must follow the longitude
and latitude, polar coordinates, and three-dimension axis (x, y, z) to get maximum sunlight obtainable on the building the whole year considering the Stefan–Boltzmann laws.
The clarification of Stefan–Boltzmann laws is that the electromagnetic waves follow the
equal-partition radiation intensity once it is emitted on the plane of the PV panel [23, 24].
Methods and Materials