2.4 Detection and Characterization
27
a powerful tool for efficient size-selective soft ionization of neutral clusters with even
larger ionization energies [209].
2.4.3 Cluster Storage and Deposition
In addition to sampling the masss of the cluster species, there are extensive investigations endevouring to possess the ability to strore ions and clusters via vacuum
equipments such as cryogenic storage ring [210–213], and to host clusters onto solid
surfaces via soft-landing deposition [214–250]. This is important as it leads to cluster
assembly materials and also allowing for spectroscopic investigations. Supported
metal catalysts enable practical applications in industrial processes with excellent
catalystic performance [251, 252], providing an precise strategy to exploit the interface interactions, to improve the catalytic reaction selectivity and catalyst efficiency
[253–259]. For example, Vajda and co-workers [260–263], Laskin and Johnson et al.
[264], also Cooks [265], Nakajima [219], and Heiz et al. [266–268] conducted extensive investigations on the size effect of supported clusters for catalytic reactions
[269–272], revealing the size dependence of metal cluster catalysis and opening up
a new window for catalyst design.
Figure 2.9 presents an example of the cluster depositoin for matrix-isolation cavity
ringdown spectroscopy, allowing for convenient disassembly and installation so as
to realize technology combination with other vacuum instrument such as STM characterization [246]. A sketch of these experimental approaches is shown in Fig. 2.10
where the part A refers to a setup for the air-sensitive sample transport, prepared in a
sample holder that is attached to the linear translator of the suitcase via a fixed screw
thread. The suitcase is attached to the vacuum instrument via two gate valves, which
protects the vacuum at the connection and removal of the suitcase-related chamber
(i.e., deposition sampling part) in which vacuum is maintained by a battery-powered
ion pump. After deposition sample is ready, the holder is translated into the suitcase
where the gate valve can be closed and the entire suitcase can be detached, transported, and connected to the other vacuum apparatus (e.g., STM), the sample kept
in a certain vacuum environment can be securely removed by a wobble stick with
modified jaws [246].
2.4.4 Cluster Spectroscopy
Along with uprising research interest towards cluster chemistry, cluster spectroscopy
has been known as a challenging and innovative field for the past decades [273].
Firstly, cluster photoelectron spectroscopy, also known as photoemission spectroscopy (PES), simply by measuring energies of electrons emitted from clusters
by the photoelectric effect, has been widely utilized in serval research groups to help
determine the binding energies of electrons in a cluster [274–323]. Cavity ringdown
27
a powerful tool for efficient size-selective soft ionization of neutral clusters with even
larger ionization energies [209].
2.4.3 Cluster Storage and Deposition
In addition to sampling the masss of the cluster species, there are extensive investigations endevouring to possess the ability to strore ions and clusters via vacuum
equipments such as cryogenic storage ring [210–213], and to host clusters onto solid
surfaces via soft-landing deposition [214–250]. This is important as it leads to cluster
assembly materials and also allowing for spectroscopic investigations. Supported
metal catalysts enable practical applications in industrial processes with excellent
catalystic performance [251, 252], providing an precise strategy to exploit the interface interactions, to improve the catalytic reaction selectivity and catalyst efficiency
[253–259]. For example, Vajda and co-workers [260–263], Laskin and Johnson et al.
[264], also Cooks [265], Nakajima [219], and Heiz et al. [266–268] conducted extensive investigations on the size effect of supported clusters for catalytic reactions
[269–272], revealing the size dependence of metal cluster catalysis and opening up
a new window for catalyst design.
Figure 2.9 presents an example of the cluster depositoin for matrix-isolation cavity
ringdown spectroscopy, allowing for convenient disassembly and installation so as
to realize technology combination with other vacuum instrument such as STM characterization [246]. A sketch of these experimental approaches is shown in Fig. 2.10
where the part A refers to a setup for the air-sensitive sample transport, prepared in a
sample holder that is attached to the linear translator of the suitcase via a fixed screw
thread. The suitcase is attached to the vacuum instrument via two gate valves, which
protects the vacuum at the connection and removal of the suitcase-related chamber
(i.e., deposition sampling part) in which vacuum is maintained by a battery-powered
ion pump. After deposition sample is ready, the holder is translated into the suitcase
where the gate valve can be closed and the entire suitcase can be detached, transported, and connected to the other vacuum apparatus (e.g., STM), the sample kept
in a certain vacuum environment can be securely removed by a wobble stick with
modified jaws [246].
2.4.4 Cluster Spectroscopy
Along with uprising research interest towards cluster chemistry, cluster spectroscopy
has been known as a challenging and innovative field for the past decades [273].
Firstly, cluster photoelectron spectroscopy, also known as photoemission spectroscopy (PES), simply by measuring energies of electrons emitted from clusters
by the photoelectric effect, has been widely utilized in serval research groups to help
determine the binding energies of electrons in a cluster [274–323]. Cavity ringdown