100. Smets EF, Jansen S, Caris P, Lens F (2003) Distribution and evolution of floral nectaries in
angiosperms: a review. Palmarum Hortus Francofurtensis 7:103
101. Petanidou T, Goethals V, Smets E (2000) Nectary structure of Labiatae in relation
to their nectar secretion and characteristics in a Mediterranean shrub community:
does flowering time matter? Plant Syst Evol 225:103–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00985461
102. Diels L (1916) Käferblumen bei den Ranales und ihre Bedeutung für die Phylogenese der
Angiospermen. Ber Deut Bot Ges 34:758–774
103. Faegri K, van der Pijl L (1979) The principles of pollination ecology, 3rd edn. Pergamon,
Oxford
104. Takhtajan A (1991) Evolutionary trends in flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New
York
105. Erbar C (2014) Nectar secretion and nectaries in basal angiosperms, magnoliids and non-core
eudicots and a comparison with core eudicots. Plant Divers Evol 131(2):63–143. https://doi.
org/10.1127/1869-6155/2014/0131-0075
106. Pacini E, Nicolson SW (2007) Introduction. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E (eds)
Nectaries and nectar. Springer, Dordrecht
107. Nepi M, Little S, Guarnieri M, Nocentini D, Prior N, Gill J, Barry Tomlinson P, Ickert-Bond
SM, Pirone C, Pacini E, von Aderkas P (2017) Nectar in plant–insect mutualistic relationships:
from food reward to partner manipulation. Front Plant Sci 9:1063. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fpls.2018.01063
108. Bernhardt P, Thien LB (1987) Self-isolation and insect pollination in the primitive angiosperms: new evaluations of older hypotheses. Plant Syst Evol 156:159–176. https://doi.org/
10.1007/BF00936071
109. Pellmyr O (1992) Evolution of insect pollination and angiosperm diversifcation. Trends Ecol
Evol 7:46–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(92)90105-K
110. Bernhardt P (2000) Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated
angiosperms. Plant Syst Evol 222:293–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984108
111. Thien LB, Sage TL, Jaffré T, Bernhardt P, Pontieri V, Weston PH, Malloch D, Azuma H,
Graham SW, McPherson MA, Rai HS, Sage RF, Dupre JL (2003) The population structure
and floral biology of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae). Ann Mo Bot Gard 90:466–490.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3298537
112. Thien LB, Bernhardt P, Devall MS, Chen ZD, Luo YB, Fan JH, Yuan LC, Williams JH (2009)
Pollination biology of basal angiosperms (ANITA grade). Am J Bot 96:166–182. https://doi.
org/10.3732/ajb.0800016
113. Brown W (1938) The bearing of nectaries on the phylogeny of flowering plants. Proc Am
Philos Soc 79:549–595
114. Schneider EL, Jeter JM (1982) Morphological studies of the Nymphaeaceae XII. The floral
biology of Cabomba caroliniana. Am J Bot 69:1410–1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.15372197.1982.tb13389.x
115. Vogel S (1998) Remarkable nectaries: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives: II.
Nectarioles. Flora 193:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30812-5
116. Schneider EL, Tucker SC, Williamson PS (2003) Floral development in the Nymphaeales.
Int J Plant Sci 164:S279–S292. https://doi.org/10.1086/376883
117. Endress PK (2008) Perianth biology in the basal grade of extant angiosperms. Int J Plant Sci
169:844–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/589691
118. Endress PK (1980) The reproductive structures and systematic position of the
Austrobaileyaceae. Bot Jahrb Syst 101:393–433
119. Endress PK (1990) Evolution of reproductive structures and functions in primitive
angiosperms (Magnoliidae). Mem N Y Bot Gard 55:5–34
120. Endress PK (2001) The flowers in extant basal angiosperms and inferences on ancestral
flowers. Int J Plant Sci 162:1111–1140. https://doi.org/10.1086/321919
121. von Balthazar M, Endress PK (1999) Floral bract function, flowering process and breeding
systems of Sarcandra and Chloranthus (Chloranthaceae). Plant Syst Evol 218:161–178.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01089225
28 Diversity of Floral Glands and Their Secretions in Pollinator Attraction
745
angiosperms: a review. Palmarum Hortus Francofurtensis 7:103
101. Petanidou T, Goethals V, Smets E (2000) Nectary structure of Labiatae in relation
to their nectar secretion and characteristics in a Mediterranean shrub community:
does flowering time matter? Plant Syst Evol 225:103–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00985461
102. Diels L (1916) Käferblumen bei den Ranales und ihre Bedeutung für die Phylogenese der
Angiospermen. Ber Deut Bot Ges 34:758–774
103. Faegri K, van der Pijl L (1979) The principles of pollination ecology, 3rd edn. Pergamon,
Oxford
104. Takhtajan A (1991) Evolutionary trends in flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New
York
105. Erbar C (2014) Nectar secretion and nectaries in basal angiosperms, magnoliids and non-core
eudicots and a comparison with core eudicots. Plant Divers Evol 131(2):63–143. https://doi.
org/10.1127/1869-6155/2014/0131-0075
106. Pacini E, Nicolson SW (2007) Introduction. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E (eds)
Nectaries and nectar. Springer, Dordrecht
107. Nepi M, Little S, Guarnieri M, Nocentini D, Prior N, Gill J, Barry Tomlinson P, Ickert-Bond
SM, Pirone C, Pacini E, von Aderkas P (2017) Nectar in plant–insect mutualistic relationships:
from food reward to partner manipulation. Front Plant Sci 9:1063. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fpls.2018.01063
108. Bernhardt P, Thien LB (1987) Self-isolation and insect pollination in the primitive angiosperms: new evaluations of older hypotheses. Plant Syst Evol 156:159–176. https://doi.org/
10.1007/BF00936071
109. Pellmyr O (1992) Evolution of insect pollination and angiosperm diversifcation. Trends Ecol
Evol 7:46–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(92)90105-K
110. Bernhardt P (2000) Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated
angiosperms. Plant Syst Evol 222:293–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984108
111. Thien LB, Sage TL, Jaffré T, Bernhardt P, Pontieri V, Weston PH, Malloch D, Azuma H,
Graham SW, McPherson MA, Rai HS, Sage RF, Dupre JL (2003) The population structure
and floral biology of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae). Ann Mo Bot Gard 90:466–490.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3298537
112. Thien LB, Bernhardt P, Devall MS, Chen ZD, Luo YB, Fan JH, Yuan LC, Williams JH (2009)
Pollination biology of basal angiosperms (ANITA grade). Am J Bot 96:166–182. https://doi.
org/10.3732/ajb.0800016
113. Brown W (1938) The bearing of nectaries on the phylogeny of flowering plants. Proc Am
Philos Soc 79:549–595
114. Schneider EL, Jeter JM (1982) Morphological studies of the Nymphaeaceae XII. The floral
biology of Cabomba caroliniana. Am J Bot 69:1410–1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.15372197.1982.tb13389.x
115. Vogel S (1998) Remarkable nectaries: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives: II.
Nectarioles. Flora 193:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30812-5
116. Schneider EL, Tucker SC, Williamson PS (2003) Floral development in the Nymphaeales.
Int J Plant Sci 164:S279–S292. https://doi.org/10.1086/376883
117. Endress PK (2008) Perianth biology in the basal grade of extant angiosperms. Int J Plant Sci
169:844–862. https://doi.org/10.1086/589691
118. Endress PK (1980) The reproductive structures and systematic position of the
Austrobaileyaceae. Bot Jahrb Syst 101:393–433
119. Endress PK (1990) Evolution of reproductive structures and functions in primitive
angiosperms (Magnoliidae). Mem N Y Bot Gard 55:5–34
120. Endress PK (2001) The flowers in extant basal angiosperms and inferences on ancestral
flowers. Int J Plant Sci 162:1111–1140. https://doi.org/10.1086/321919
121. von Balthazar M, Endress PK (1999) Floral bract function, flowering process and breeding
systems of Sarcandra and Chloranthus (Chloranthaceae). Plant Syst Evol 218:161–178.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01089225
28 Diversity of Floral Glands and Their Secretions in Pollinator Attraction
745