58. Baker HG, Baker I (1982) Chemical constituents of nectar in relation to pollination
mechanisms and phylogeny. In: Nitecki MH (ed) Biochemical aspects of evolutionary biology.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago
59. Baker HG, Baker I (1983) Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator type.
In: Jones CE, Little RJ (eds) Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York
60. Elisens WJ, Freeman CE (1988) Floral nectar sugar composition and pollinator type among
New World genera in tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae). Am J Bot 75:971–978. https://doi.
org/10.2307/2443763
61. Perret M, Chautems A, Spichiger R, Peixoto M, Savolainen V (2001) Nectar sugar
composition in relation to pollination syndromes in Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae). Ann Bot
87:267–273. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1331
62. Perret M, Chautems A, Spichiger R, Kite G, Savolainen V (2003) Systematics and
evolution of tribe Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae): evidence from phylogenetic analyses of six
plastid DNA regions and nuclear ncpGS. Am J Bot 90:445–460. https://doi.org/10.3732/
ajb.90.3.445
63. Torres C, Galetto L (2002) Are nectar sugar composition and corolla tube length related to
the diversity of insects that visit Asteraceae flowers? Plant Biol 4:360–366. https://doi.org/
10.1055/s-2002-32326
64. Galetto L, Bernardello G (2003) Nectar sugar composition in angiosperms from Chaco and
Patagonia (Argentina): an animal visitor’s matter? Plant Syst Evol 238:69–86. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00606-002-0269-y
65. Pyke GH, Waser NM (1981) The production of dilute nectars by hummingbird and honeyeater
flowers. Biotropica 13:260–270. https://doi.org/10.2307/2387804
66. Baker HG, Baker I (1973) Amino-acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance. Nature
241:543–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/241543b0
67. Galetto L, Bernardello G (2005) Nectar. In: Dafni A, Kevan PG, Husbana BC (eds) Practical
pollination biology. Enviroquest, Cambridge
68. Gottsberger G, Arnold T, Linskens HF (1990) Variation in floral nectar amino acids with aging
of flowers, pollen contamination, and flower damage. Isr J Bot 39:167–176
69. Lanza J, Smith GC, Sack S, Cash A (1995) Variation in nectar volume and composition of
Impatiens capensis at the individual, plant, and population levels. Oecologia 102:113–119.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00333318
70. Petanidou T, Van Laere AJ, Smets E (1996) Change in floral nectar components from
fresh to senescent flowers of Capparis spinosa L. (Capparidaceae), a nocturnally
flowering Mediterranean shrub. Plant Syst Evol 199:79–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00985919
71. Gardener MC, Gillman MP (2001) Analyzing variability in nectar amino acids: composition is
less variable than concentration. J Chem Ecol 27:2545–2558. https://doi.org/10.1023/
A:1013687701120
72. Birch GG, Kemp SE (1989) Apparent specific volumes and tastes of amino acids.
Chem Senses 14:249–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/14.2.249
73. Hansen K, Wacht S, Seebauer H, Schnuch M (1998) New aspects of chemoreception in flies.
Ann N Y Acad Sci 855:143–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10556.x
74. Wacht S, Lunau K, Hansen K (2000) Chemosensory control of pollen ingestion in the hoverfly
Eristalis tenax by labellar taste hairs. J Comp Physiol 186:193–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s003590050019
75. Gardener MC, Gillman MP (2002) The taste of nectar – a neglected area of pollination
ecology. Oikos 98:552–557. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980322.x
76. Peumans WJ, Smeets K, Van Nerum K, Van Leuven F, Van Damme EJM (1997) Lectin and
alliinase are the predominant proteins in nectar from leek (Allium porrum L.) flowers. Planta
201:298–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050070
77. Carter C, Thornburg RW (2000) Tobacco Nectarin I: purification and characterization as a
germin-like, manganese superoxide dismutase implicated in the defense of floral reproductive
tissues. J Biol Chem 275:36726–36733. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M006461200
28 Diversity of Floral Glands and Their Secretions in Pollinator Attraction
743
mechanisms and phylogeny. In: Nitecki MH (ed) Biochemical aspects of evolutionary biology.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago
59. Baker HG, Baker I (1983) Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator type.
In: Jones CE, Little RJ (eds) Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York
60. Elisens WJ, Freeman CE (1988) Floral nectar sugar composition and pollinator type among
New World genera in tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae). Am J Bot 75:971–978. https://doi.
org/10.2307/2443763
61. Perret M, Chautems A, Spichiger R, Peixoto M, Savolainen V (2001) Nectar sugar
composition in relation to pollination syndromes in Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae). Ann Bot
87:267–273. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1331
62. Perret M, Chautems A, Spichiger R, Kite G, Savolainen V (2003) Systematics and
evolution of tribe Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae): evidence from phylogenetic analyses of six
plastid DNA regions and nuclear ncpGS. Am J Bot 90:445–460. https://doi.org/10.3732/
ajb.90.3.445
63. Torres C, Galetto L (2002) Are nectar sugar composition and corolla tube length related to
the diversity of insects that visit Asteraceae flowers? Plant Biol 4:360–366. https://doi.org/
10.1055/s-2002-32326
64. Galetto L, Bernardello G (2003) Nectar sugar composition in angiosperms from Chaco and
Patagonia (Argentina): an animal visitor’s matter? Plant Syst Evol 238:69–86. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00606-002-0269-y
65. Pyke GH, Waser NM (1981) The production of dilute nectars by hummingbird and honeyeater
flowers. Biotropica 13:260–270. https://doi.org/10.2307/2387804
66. Baker HG, Baker I (1973) Amino-acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance. Nature
241:543–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/241543b0
67. Galetto L, Bernardello G (2005) Nectar. In: Dafni A, Kevan PG, Husbana BC (eds) Practical
pollination biology. Enviroquest, Cambridge
68. Gottsberger G, Arnold T, Linskens HF (1990) Variation in floral nectar amino acids with aging
of flowers, pollen contamination, and flower damage. Isr J Bot 39:167–176
69. Lanza J, Smith GC, Sack S, Cash A (1995) Variation in nectar volume and composition of
Impatiens capensis at the individual, plant, and population levels. Oecologia 102:113–119.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00333318
70. Petanidou T, Van Laere AJ, Smets E (1996) Change in floral nectar components from
fresh to senescent flowers of Capparis spinosa L. (Capparidaceae), a nocturnally
flowering Mediterranean shrub. Plant Syst Evol 199:79–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00985919
71. Gardener MC, Gillman MP (2001) Analyzing variability in nectar amino acids: composition is
less variable than concentration. J Chem Ecol 27:2545–2558. https://doi.org/10.1023/
A:1013687701120
72. Birch GG, Kemp SE (1989) Apparent specific volumes and tastes of amino acids.
Chem Senses 14:249–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/14.2.249
73. Hansen K, Wacht S, Seebauer H, Schnuch M (1998) New aspects of chemoreception in flies.
Ann N Y Acad Sci 855:143–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10556.x
74. Wacht S, Lunau K, Hansen K (2000) Chemosensory control of pollen ingestion in the hoverfly
Eristalis tenax by labellar taste hairs. J Comp Physiol 186:193–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s003590050019
75. Gardener MC, Gillman MP (2002) The taste of nectar – a neglected area of pollination
ecology. Oikos 98:552–557. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980322.x
76. Peumans WJ, Smeets K, Van Nerum K, Van Leuven F, Van Damme EJM (1997) Lectin and
alliinase are the predominant proteins in nectar from leek (Allium porrum L.) flowers. Planta
201:298–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050070
77. Carter C, Thornburg RW (2000) Tobacco Nectarin I: purification and characterization as a
germin-like, manganese superoxide dismutase implicated in the defense of floral reproductive
tissues. J Biol Chem 275:36726–36733. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M006461200
28 Diversity of Floral Glands and Their Secretions in Pollinator Attraction
743