35. Rachmilevitz T, Fahn A (1973) Ultrastructure of nectaries of Vinca rosea L., Vinca major L.
and Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Valencia and its relation to the mechanism of nectar secretion.
Ann Bot 37:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084662
36. Durkee LT, Gaal DJ, Reisner WH (1981) The floral and extra-floral nectaries of Passiflora. I.
The floral nectary. Am J Bot 68:453–462. https://doi.org/10.2307/2443021
37. Zer H, Fahn A (1992) Floral nectaries of Rosmarinus officinalis L. structure, ultrastructure and
nectar secretion. Ann Bot 70:391–397. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088493
38. Nepi M, Ciampolini F, Pacini E (1996) Development and ultrastructure of Cucurbita pepo
nectaries of male flowers. Ann Bot 81:251–262. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0100
39. Pacini E, Nepi M, Vesprini JL (2003) Nectar biodiversity: a short review. Plant Syst Evol
238:7–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-002-0277-y
40. Peng YB, Li YQ, Hao YJ, Xu ZH, Bai SN (2004) Nectar production, and transportation in the
nectaries of the female Cucumis sativus L. flower during anthesis. Protoplasma 224:71–78.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-004-0051-9
41. Tölke ED, Galetto L, Machado SR, Lacchia APS, Carmello-Guerreiro SM (2015) Stages of
development of the floral secretory disk in Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae),
a dioecious species. Bot J Linn Soc 179:533–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12340
42. Giaquinta RT (1979) Phloem loading of sucrose: involvement of membrane ATPase and
proton transport. Plant Physiol 63:744–748
43. Leonard RT, Hodges TK (1980) The plasma membrane. In: Tolbert NE (ed) The biochemistry
of plants, vol 1. Academic, New York
44. Davis AR, Peterson RL, Shuel RW (1988) Vasculature and ultrastructure of the floral and
stipular nectaries of Vicia faba (Fabaceae). Can J Bot 66:1435–1448. https://doi.org/10.1139/
b88-198
45. Davies KL (1999) A preliminary survey of foliar anatomy in Maxillaria. Lindleyana
14:126–135
46. Horner HT, Healy RA, Cervantes-Martinez T, Palmer RG (2003) Floral nectary fine structure
and development in Glycine max L. (Fabaceae). Int J Plant Sci 164:675–690. https://doi.org/
10.1086/377060
47. Wergin WP, Elmore CD, Hanny BW, Ingber BF (1975) Ultrastructure of the subglandular
cells from the foliar nectaries of cotton in relation to the distribution of plamodesmata and
the symplastic transport of nectar. Am J Bot 62:842–849. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.15372197.1975.tb14124.x
48. Gunning BES, Hughes JE (1976) Quantitative assessment of symplastic transport of pre-nectar
into the trichomes of Abutilon nectaries. Aust J Bot 3:619–637. https://doi.org/10.1071/
PP9760619
49. Dafni H, Lensky Y, Fahn A (1988) Flower and nectar characteristics of nine species of
Labiatae and their influence on honeybee visits. J Apic Res 27:103–114. https://doi.org/
10.1080/00218839.1988.11100788
50. Wist TJ, Davis AR (2006) Floral nectar production and nectary anatomy and ultra-structure of
Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae). Ann Bot 97:177–193. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcj027
51. Vassilyev AE (2010) On the mechanisms of nectar secretion: revisited. Ann Bot 105:349–354.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp302
52. Davis AR, Peterson RL, Shuel RW (1986) Anatomy and vasculature of the floral nectaries of
Brassica napus (Brassicaceae). Can J Bot 64:2508–2516. https://doi.org/10.1139/b86-333
53. Stpiczyńska M (1995) The structure of floral nectaries of some species of Vicia L.
(Papilionaceae). Acta Soc Bot Pol 64:327–334. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1995.042
54. Kram BW, Carter CJ (2009) Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for functional nectary analysis.
Sex Plant Reprod 22:235–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-009-0112-5
55. Heil M (2011) Nectar: generation, regulation and ecological functions. Trends Plant Sci
16:191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.01.003
56. Fahn A (1988) Secretory tissues in vascular plants. New Phytol 108:229–257. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb04159.x
57. Nicolson SW, Thornburg RW (2007) Nectar chemistry. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E
(eds) Nectaries and nectar. Springer, Dordrecht
742
E. D. Tölke et al.
and Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Valencia and its relation to the mechanism of nectar secretion.
Ann Bot 37:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084662
36. Durkee LT, Gaal DJ, Reisner WH (1981) The floral and extra-floral nectaries of Passiflora. I.
The floral nectary. Am J Bot 68:453–462. https://doi.org/10.2307/2443021
37. Zer H, Fahn A (1992) Floral nectaries of Rosmarinus officinalis L. structure, ultrastructure and
nectar secretion. Ann Bot 70:391–397. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088493
38. Nepi M, Ciampolini F, Pacini E (1996) Development and ultrastructure of Cucurbita pepo
nectaries of male flowers. Ann Bot 81:251–262. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0100
39. Pacini E, Nepi M, Vesprini JL (2003) Nectar biodiversity: a short review. Plant Syst Evol
238:7–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-002-0277-y
40. Peng YB, Li YQ, Hao YJ, Xu ZH, Bai SN (2004) Nectar production, and transportation in the
nectaries of the female Cucumis sativus L. flower during anthesis. Protoplasma 224:71–78.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-004-0051-9
41. Tölke ED, Galetto L, Machado SR, Lacchia APS, Carmello-Guerreiro SM (2015) Stages of
development of the floral secretory disk in Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae),
a dioecious species. Bot J Linn Soc 179:533–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12340
42. Giaquinta RT (1979) Phloem loading of sucrose: involvement of membrane ATPase and
proton transport. Plant Physiol 63:744–748
43. Leonard RT, Hodges TK (1980) The plasma membrane. In: Tolbert NE (ed) The biochemistry
of plants, vol 1. Academic, New York
44. Davis AR, Peterson RL, Shuel RW (1988) Vasculature and ultrastructure of the floral and
stipular nectaries of Vicia faba (Fabaceae). Can J Bot 66:1435–1448. https://doi.org/10.1139/
b88-198
45. Davies KL (1999) A preliminary survey of foliar anatomy in Maxillaria. Lindleyana
14:126–135
46. Horner HT, Healy RA, Cervantes-Martinez T, Palmer RG (2003) Floral nectary fine structure
and development in Glycine max L. (Fabaceae). Int J Plant Sci 164:675–690. https://doi.org/
10.1086/377060
47. Wergin WP, Elmore CD, Hanny BW, Ingber BF (1975) Ultrastructure of the subglandular
cells from the foliar nectaries of cotton in relation to the distribution of plamodesmata and
the symplastic transport of nectar. Am J Bot 62:842–849. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.15372197.1975.tb14124.x
48. Gunning BES, Hughes JE (1976) Quantitative assessment of symplastic transport of pre-nectar
into the trichomes of Abutilon nectaries. Aust J Bot 3:619–637. https://doi.org/10.1071/
PP9760619
49. Dafni H, Lensky Y, Fahn A (1988) Flower and nectar characteristics of nine species of
Labiatae and their influence on honeybee visits. J Apic Res 27:103–114. https://doi.org/
10.1080/00218839.1988.11100788
50. Wist TJ, Davis AR (2006) Floral nectar production and nectary anatomy and ultra-structure of
Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae). Ann Bot 97:177–193. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcj027
51. Vassilyev AE (2010) On the mechanisms of nectar secretion: revisited. Ann Bot 105:349–354.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp302
52. Davis AR, Peterson RL, Shuel RW (1986) Anatomy and vasculature of the floral nectaries of
Brassica napus (Brassicaceae). Can J Bot 64:2508–2516. https://doi.org/10.1139/b86-333
53. Stpiczyńska M (1995) The structure of floral nectaries of some species of Vicia L.
(Papilionaceae). Acta Soc Bot Pol 64:327–334. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1995.042
54. Kram BW, Carter CJ (2009) Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for functional nectary analysis.
Sex Plant Reprod 22:235–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-009-0112-5
55. Heil M (2011) Nectar: generation, regulation and ecological functions. Trends Plant Sci
16:191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.01.003
56. Fahn A (1988) Secretory tissues in vascular plants. New Phytol 108:229–257. https://doi.org/
10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb04159.x
57. Nicolson SW, Thornburg RW (2007) Nectar chemistry. In: Nicolson SW, Nepi M, Pacini E
(eds) Nectaries and nectar. Springer, Dordrecht
742
E. D. Tölke et al.