135. Wätjen W, Debbab A, Hohlfeld A et al (2009) Enniatins A1, B and B1 from an endophytic
strain of Fusarium tricinctum induce apoptotic cell death in H4IIE hepatoma cells accompanied by inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:431–440
136. Kamyar M, Rawnduzi P, Studenik CR et al (2004) Investigation of the electrophysiological
properties of enniatins. Arch Biochem Biophys 429:215–223
137. Nilanonta C, Isaka M, Kittakoop P et al (2000) Antimycobacterial and antiplasmodial
cyclodepsipeptides from the insect pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes BCC 1614.
Planta Med 66:756–758
138. Supothina S, Isaka M, Kirtikara K et al (2004) Enniatin production by the entomopathogenic
fungus Verticillium hemipterigenum BCC 1449. J Antibiot 57:732–738
139. Hiraga K, Yamamoto S, Fakuda H et al (2005) Enniatin has a new function as an inhibitor of
Pdr-5p one of the ABC transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res
Comm 328:1119–1125
140. Xu LJ, Liu YS, Zhou LG, Wu JY (2009) Enhanced beauvericin production with in situ
adsorption in mycelial liquid culture of Fusarium redolens Dzf2. Process Biochem
44:1063–1067
141. Kroslak M (2002) Efficacy, and acceptability of fusafungine, a local treatment for both nose
and throat infections, in adult patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Curr Med Res
Opin 18:194–200
142. Gaumann E, Naef-Roth S, Kern H (1960) Zurphytotoxischen wirksamkeit der enniatine.
J Phytopathol 40:45–51
143. Uhlig S, Jestoi M, Parikka P (2007) Fusarium avenaceum – the North European situation. Int J
Food Microbiol 119:17–24
144. Jestoi M (2008) Emerging Fusarium-Mycotoxins fusaproliferin, beauvericin, enniatins, and
moniliformin – a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 48:21–49
145. Steinrauf LK (1985) Beauvericin and the other enniatins. Met Ions Biol Syst 19:139–171
146. Hamill RL, Higgens CE, Boaz ME, Gorman M (1969) The structure of beauvericin, a new
depsipeptide antibiotic toxic to Artemia salina. Tetrahedron Lett 10:4255–4258
147. Zhang L, Yan K, Zhang Y et al (2007) High-throughput synergy screening identifies microbial
metabolites as combination agents for the treatment of fungal infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 104:4606–4611
148. Jow GM, Chou CJ, Chen BF, Tsai JH (2004) Beauvericin induces cytotoxic effects in human
acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation: the
causative role of calcium. Cancer Lett 216:165–173
149. Sivanathan S, Scherkenbeck J (2014) Cyclodepsipeptides: a rich source of biologically active
compounds for drug research. Molecules 19:12368–12420
150. Xu Y, Orozco R, Wijeratne EM et al (2008) Biosynthesis of the cyclooligomer depsipeptide
beauvericin, a virulence factor of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Chem
Biol 15:898–907
151. Bushley KE, Turgeon BG (2010) Phylogenomics reveals subfamilies of fungal nonribosomal
peptide synthetases and their evolutionary relationships. BMC Evol Biol 10:26
152. Zhang T, Zhuo Y, Jia X et al (2013) Cloning and characterization of the gene cluster required
for beauvericin biosynthesis in Fusarium proliferatum. Science China Life Sci 56:628–637
153. Zocher R, Keller U, Kleinkauf H (1982) Enniatin synthetase, a novel type of multifunctional
enzyme catalyzing depsipeptide synthesis in Fusarium oxysporum. Biochemistry 21:43–48
154. Zocher R, Keller U, Kleinkauf H (1983) Mechanism of depsipeptide formation catalyzed by
enniatin synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 110:292–299
155. Zocher R, Keller U (1997) Thiol template peptide synthesis systems in bacteria and fungi. Adv
Microbial Physiol 38:85–131
156. Billich A, Zocher R (1987) N-Methyltransferase function of the multifunctional enzyme
enniatin synthetase. Biochemistry 26:8417–8423
157. Glinski M, Urbanke C, Hornbogen T, Zocher R (2002) Enniatin synthetase is a monomer with
extended structure: evidence for an intramolecular reaction mechanism. Arch Microbiol
178:267–273
10 Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So. . .
243
strain of Fusarium tricinctum induce apoptotic cell death in H4IIE hepatoma cells accompanied by inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:431–440
136. Kamyar M, Rawnduzi P, Studenik CR et al (2004) Investigation of the electrophysiological
properties of enniatins. Arch Biochem Biophys 429:215–223
137. Nilanonta C, Isaka M, Kittakoop P et al (2000) Antimycobacterial and antiplasmodial
cyclodepsipeptides from the insect pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes BCC 1614.
Planta Med 66:756–758
138. Supothina S, Isaka M, Kirtikara K et al (2004) Enniatin production by the entomopathogenic
fungus Verticillium hemipterigenum BCC 1449. J Antibiot 57:732–738
139. Hiraga K, Yamamoto S, Fakuda H et al (2005) Enniatin has a new function as an inhibitor of
Pdr-5p one of the ABC transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res
Comm 328:1119–1125
140. Xu LJ, Liu YS, Zhou LG, Wu JY (2009) Enhanced beauvericin production with in situ
adsorption in mycelial liquid culture of Fusarium redolens Dzf2. Process Biochem
44:1063–1067
141. Kroslak M (2002) Efficacy, and acceptability of fusafungine, a local treatment for both nose
and throat infections, in adult patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Curr Med Res
Opin 18:194–200
142. Gaumann E, Naef-Roth S, Kern H (1960) Zurphytotoxischen wirksamkeit der enniatine.
J Phytopathol 40:45–51
143. Uhlig S, Jestoi M, Parikka P (2007) Fusarium avenaceum – the North European situation. Int J
Food Microbiol 119:17–24
144. Jestoi M (2008) Emerging Fusarium-Mycotoxins fusaproliferin, beauvericin, enniatins, and
moniliformin – a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 48:21–49
145. Steinrauf LK (1985) Beauvericin and the other enniatins. Met Ions Biol Syst 19:139–171
146. Hamill RL, Higgens CE, Boaz ME, Gorman M (1969) The structure of beauvericin, a new
depsipeptide antibiotic toxic to Artemia salina. Tetrahedron Lett 10:4255–4258
147. Zhang L, Yan K, Zhang Y et al (2007) High-throughput synergy screening identifies microbial
metabolites as combination agents for the treatment of fungal infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 104:4606–4611
148. Jow GM, Chou CJ, Chen BF, Tsai JH (2004) Beauvericin induces cytotoxic effects in human
acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation: the
causative role of calcium. Cancer Lett 216:165–173
149. Sivanathan S, Scherkenbeck J (2014) Cyclodepsipeptides: a rich source of biologically active
compounds for drug research. Molecules 19:12368–12420
150. Xu Y, Orozco R, Wijeratne EM et al (2008) Biosynthesis of the cyclooligomer depsipeptide
beauvericin, a virulence factor of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Chem
Biol 15:898–907
151. Bushley KE, Turgeon BG (2010) Phylogenomics reveals subfamilies of fungal nonribosomal
peptide synthetases and their evolutionary relationships. BMC Evol Biol 10:26
152. Zhang T, Zhuo Y, Jia X et al (2013) Cloning and characterization of the gene cluster required
for beauvericin biosynthesis in Fusarium proliferatum. Science China Life Sci 56:628–637
153. Zocher R, Keller U, Kleinkauf H (1982) Enniatin synthetase, a novel type of multifunctional
enzyme catalyzing depsipeptide synthesis in Fusarium oxysporum. Biochemistry 21:43–48
154. Zocher R, Keller U, Kleinkauf H (1983) Mechanism of depsipeptide formation catalyzed by
enniatin synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 110:292–299
155. Zocher R, Keller U (1997) Thiol template peptide synthesis systems in bacteria and fungi. Adv
Microbial Physiol 38:85–131
156. Billich A, Zocher R (1987) N-Methyltransferase function of the multifunctional enzyme
enniatin synthetase. Biochemistry 26:8417–8423
157. Glinski M, Urbanke C, Hornbogen T, Zocher R (2002) Enniatin synthetase is a monomer with
extended structure: evidence for an intramolecular reaction mechanism. Arch Microbiol
178:267–273
10 Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So. . .
243