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mycotoxins. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:455–464
113. Bojja RS, Cerny RL, Proctor RH, Du L (2004) Determining the biosynthetic sequence in the
early steps of the fumonisin pathway by use of three gene-disruption mutants of Fusarium
verticillioides. J Agric Food Chem 52:2855–2860
114. Butchko RAE, Plattner RD, Proctor RH (2003b) FUM9 is required for C-5 hydroxylation of
fumonisins and complements the meiotically defined Fum3 locus in Gibberella moniliformis.
Appl Environ Microbiol 69:6935–6937
115. Zaleta-Rivera K, Xu C, Yu F et al (2006) A bi-domain non-ribosomal peptide synthetase
encoded by FUM14 catalyzes the formation of tricarballylic esters in the biosynthesis of
fumonisins. Biochemistry 45:2561–2569
116. Butchko RAE, Plattner RD, Proctor RH (2003a) FUM13 encodes a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase required for C-3 carbonyl reduction during fumonisin biosynthesis in
Gibberella moniliformis. J Agric Food Chem 51:3000–3006
117. Ding Y, Bojja RS, Du L (2004) Fum3p, a 2-ketoglutarate- dependent dioxygenase required for
C-5 hydroxylation of fumonisins in Fusarium verticillioides. Appl Environ Microbiol
70:1931–1934
118. Carbone I, Ramirez-Prado JH, Jakobek JL, Horn BW (2007) Gene duplication, modularity and
adaptation in the evolution of the aflatoxin gene cluster. BMC Evol Biol 7:111
119. Khaldi N, Collemare J, Lebrun M-H, Wolf KH (2008) Evidence for horizontal transfer of
a secondary metabolite gene cluster between fungi. Genome Biol 9:R18.1–R18.10
120. Khaldi N, Wolfe KH (2011) Evolutionary origins of the fumonisin secondary metabolite gene
cluster in Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus niger. Int J Evol Biol 2011:423821
121. Slot JC, Rokas A (2011) Horizontal transfer of a large and highly toxic secondary metabolic
gene cluster between fungi. Curr Biol 21:134–139
122. Urry WH, Wehrmeister HL, Hodge EB, Hidy PH (1966) The structure of zearalenone.
Tetrahedron Lett 7:3109–3114
123. Lysøe E, Bone KR, Klemsdal SS (2008) Identification of up-regulated genes during
zearalenone biosynthesis in Fusarium. Eur J Plant Pathol 122:505–516
124. Vesonder RF, Goliński P, Plattner R, Zietkiewicz DL (1991) Mycotoxin formation by different
geographic isolates of Fusarium crookwellense. Mycopathologia 113:11
125. Stępień Ł, Gromadzka K, Chełkowski J (2012) Polymorphism of mycotoxin biosynthetic
genes among Fusarium equiseti isolates from Italy and Poland. J Appl Genet 53:227–236
126. Hagler WM, Dankó G, Horváth L et al (1980) Transmission of zearalenone and its metabolite
into ruminant milk. Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung 28:209–216
127. Gaffoor I, Trail F (2006) Characterization of two polyketide synthase genes involved in
zearalenone biosynthesis in Gibberella zeae. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1793–1799
128. Ivanova L, Skjerve E, Eriksen GS, Uhlig S (2006) Cytotoxicity of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2
and B3 from Fusarium avenaceum. Toxicon 47:868–876
129. Liuzzi VC, Mirabelli V, Cimmarusti MT et al (2017) Enniatin and beauvericin biosynthesis in
Fusarium species: production profiles and structural determinant prediction. Toxins 9:45
130. Stępień Ł, Waśkiewicz A (2013) Sequence divergence of the enniatin synthase gene in relation
to production of beauvericin and enniatins in Fusarium species. Toxins 5:537–555
131. Xu Y, Zhan J, Wijeratne EM et al (2007) Cytotoxic and antihaptotactic beauvericin analogues
from precursor-directed biosynthesis with the insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana ATCC
7159. J Nat Prod 70:1467–1471
132. Nilanonta C, Isaka M, Kittakoop P et al (2002) Precursor-directed biosynthesis of beauvericin
analogs by the insect pathogenic fungus BCC 1614. Tetrahedron 58:3355–3360
133. Shin CG, An DG, Song HH, Lee C (2009) Beauvericin and enniatins H, I and MK1688 are
new potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase. J Antibiot (Tokyo)
62:687–690
134. Dornetshuber R, Heffeter P, Kamyar MR et al (2007) Enniatin exerts p53-dependent cytostatic
and p53-independent cytotoxic activities against human cancer cells. Chem Res Toxicol
20:465–473
242
Ł. Stępień et al.
mycotoxins. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:455–464
113. Bojja RS, Cerny RL, Proctor RH, Du L (2004) Determining the biosynthetic sequence in the
early steps of the fumonisin pathway by use of three gene-disruption mutants of Fusarium
verticillioides. J Agric Food Chem 52:2855–2860
114. Butchko RAE, Plattner RD, Proctor RH (2003b) FUM9 is required for C-5 hydroxylation of
fumonisins and complements the meiotically defined Fum3 locus in Gibberella moniliformis.
Appl Environ Microbiol 69:6935–6937
115. Zaleta-Rivera K, Xu C, Yu F et al (2006) A bi-domain non-ribosomal peptide synthetase
encoded by FUM14 catalyzes the formation of tricarballylic esters in the biosynthesis of
fumonisins. Biochemistry 45:2561–2569
116. Butchko RAE, Plattner RD, Proctor RH (2003a) FUM13 encodes a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase required for C-3 carbonyl reduction during fumonisin biosynthesis in
Gibberella moniliformis. J Agric Food Chem 51:3000–3006
117. Ding Y, Bojja RS, Du L (2004) Fum3p, a 2-ketoglutarate- dependent dioxygenase required for
C-5 hydroxylation of fumonisins in Fusarium verticillioides. Appl Environ Microbiol
70:1931–1934
118. Carbone I, Ramirez-Prado JH, Jakobek JL, Horn BW (2007) Gene duplication, modularity and
adaptation in the evolution of the aflatoxin gene cluster. BMC Evol Biol 7:111
119. Khaldi N, Collemare J, Lebrun M-H, Wolf KH (2008) Evidence for horizontal transfer of
a secondary metabolite gene cluster between fungi. Genome Biol 9:R18.1–R18.10
120. Khaldi N, Wolfe KH (2011) Evolutionary origins of the fumonisin secondary metabolite gene
cluster in Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus niger. Int J Evol Biol 2011:423821
121. Slot JC, Rokas A (2011) Horizontal transfer of a large and highly toxic secondary metabolic
gene cluster between fungi. Curr Biol 21:134–139
122. Urry WH, Wehrmeister HL, Hodge EB, Hidy PH (1966) The structure of zearalenone.
Tetrahedron Lett 7:3109–3114
123. Lysøe E, Bone KR, Klemsdal SS (2008) Identification of up-regulated genes during
zearalenone biosynthesis in Fusarium. Eur J Plant Pathol 122:505–516
124. Vesonder RF, Goliński P, Plattner R, Zietkiewicz DL (1991) Mycotoxin formation by different
geographic isolates of Fusarium crookwellense. Mycopathologia 113:11
125. Stępień Ł, Gromadzka K, Chełkowski J (2012) Polymorphism of mycotoxin biosynthetic
genes among Fusarium equiseti isolates from Italy and Poland. J Appl Genet 53:227–236
126. Hagler WM, Dankó G, Horváth L et al (1980) Transmission of zearalenone and its metabolite
into ruminant milk. Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung 28:209–216
127. Gaffoor I, Trail F (2006) Characterization of two polyketide synthase genes involved in
zearalenone biosynthesis in Gibberella zeae. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1793–1799
128. Ivanova L, Skjerve E, Eriksen GS, Uhlig S (2006) Cytotoxicity of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2
and B3 from Fusarium avenaceum. Toxicon 47:868–876
129. Liuzzi VC, Mirabelli V, Cimmarusti MT et al (2017) Enniatin and beauvericin biosynthesis in
Fusarium species: production profiles and structural determinant prediction. Toxins 9:45
130. Stępień Ł, Waśkiewicz A (2013) Sequence divergence of the enniatin synthase gene in relation
to production of beauvericin and enniatins in Fusarium species. Toxins 5:537–555
131. Xu Y, Zhan J, Wijeratne EM et al (2007) Cytotoxic and antihaptotactic beauvericin analogues
from precursor-directed biosynthesis with the insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana ATCC
7159. J Nat Prod 70:1467–1471
132. Nilanonta C, Isaka M, Kittakoop P et al (2002) Precursor-directed biosynthesis of beauvericin
analogs by the insect pathogenic fungus BCC 1614. Tetrahedron 58:3355–3360
133. Shin CG, An DG, Song HH, Lee C (2009) Beauvericin and enniatins H, I and MK1688 are
new potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase. J Antibiot (Tokyo)
62:687–690
134. Dornetshuber R, Heffeter P, Kamyar MR et al (2007) Enniatin exerts p53-dependent cytostatic
and p53-independent cytotoxic activities against human cancer cells. Chem Res Toxicol
20:465–473
242
Ł. Stępień et al.