70. Proctor RH, Butchko RAE, Brown DW, Moretti A (2007) Functional characterization,
sequence comparisons and distribution of a polyketide synthase gene required for perithecial
pigmentation in some Fusarium species. Food Addit Contam 24:1076–1087
71. Studt L, Wiemann P, Kleigrewe K et al (2012) Biosynthesis of fusarubins accounts for
pigmentation of Fusarium fujikuroi perithecia. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:4468–4480
72. Proctor RH, Plattner RD, Brown DW et al (2004) Discontinuous distribution of fumonisin
biosynthetic genes in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycol Res 108:815–822
73. Bömke C, Tudzynski B (2009) Diversity, regulation, and evolution of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in fungi compared to plants and bacteria. Phytochemistry 70:1876–1893
74. Kimura M, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N et al (2007) Molecular and genetic studies of Fusarium
trichothecene biosynthesis: pathways, genes and evolution. Biosci Biotech Biochem
71:2105–2123
75. McCormick SP, Stanley AM, Stover NA, Alexander NJ (2011) Trichothecenes from simple to
complex mycotoxins. Toxins 3:802–814
76. Merhey J, Richard-Forget F, Barreau C (2011) Regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis in
fusarium recent advances and new insights. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 91:519–528
77. Varga E, Wiesenberger G, Hametner C et al (2015) New tricks of an old enemy: isolates of
Fusarium graminearum produce a type A trichothecene mycotoxin. Environ Microbiol
17:2588–2600
78. Kelly AC, Proctor RH, Belzile F et al (2016) The geographic distribution and complex
evolutionary history of the NX-2 trichothecene chemotype from Fusarium graminearum.
Fungal Genet Biol 95:39–48
79. Strub C, Pocaznoi D, Lebrihi A et al (2010) Influence of barley matling operating parameters
on T-2 and HT-2 toxinogenesis of Fusarium langsethiae, a worrying contaminant of malting
barley in Europe. Food Addit Contam 27:1247–1252
80. Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, McCormick SP (2009) Genes, gene clusters, and biosynthesis of
trichothecenes and fumonisins in Fusarium. Toxin Rev 28:198–215
81. Rocha O, Ansari K, Doohan FM (2005) Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic
cells: a review. Food Addit Contam 22:369–378
82. Goswami RS, Kistler HC (2005) Pathogenicity and in planta mycotoxin accumulation among
members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex on wheat and rice. Phytopathology
95:1397–1404
83. Boenisch MJ, Schӓfer W (2011) Fusarium graminearum forms mycotoxin producing infection structures on wheat. BMC Plant Biol 11:110
84. Brown DW, McCormick SP, Alexander NJ et al (2001) A genetic and biochemical approach to
study trichothecene diversity in Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum.
Fungal Genet Biol 32:121–133
85. Brown DW, McCormick SP, Alexander NJ et al (2002) Inactivation of a cytochrome P-450 is
a determinant of trichothecene diversity in Fusarium species. Fungal Genet Biol 36:224–233
86. Lee T, Han Y-K, Kim K-H et al (2002) Tri13 and Tri7 determine deoxynivalenol- and
nivalenol-producing chemotypes of Gibberella zeae. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2148–2154
87. Ward TJ, Bielawski JP, Kistler HC et al (2002) Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive
evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:9278–9283
88. McCormick SP, Alexander NJ, Trapp SC, Hohn TM (1999) Disruption of TRI101, the gene
encoding trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase, from Fusarium sporotrichioides. Appl Environ
Microbiol 65:5252–5256
89. Brown DW, Proctor RH, Dyer RB, Plattner RD (2003) Characterization of a Fusarium 2-gene
cluster involved in trichothecene C-8 modification. J Agric Food Chem 51:7936–7944
90. Meek IB, Peplow AW, Ake C et al (2003) Tri1 encodes the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase
for C-8 hydroxylation during trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium sporotrichioides and
resides upstream of another new Tri gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1607–1613
240
Ł. Stępień et al.
sequence comparisons and distribution of a polyketide synthase gene required for perithecial
pigmentation in some Fusarium species. Food Addit Contam 24:1076–1087
71. Studt L, Wiemann P, Kleigrewe K et al (2012) Biosynthesis of fusarubins accounts for
pigmentation of Fusarium fujikuroi perithecia. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:4468–4480
72. Proctor RH, Plattner RD, Brown DW et al (2004) Discontinuous distribution of fumonisin
biosynthetic genes in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycol Res 108:815–822
73. Bömke C, Tudzynski B (2009) Diversity, regulation, and evolution of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in fungi compared to plants and bacteria. Phytochemistry 70:1876–1893
74. Kimura M, Tokai T, Takahashi-Ando N et al (2007) Molecular and genetic studies of Fusarium
trichothecene biosynthesis: pathways, genes and evolution. Biosci Biotech Biochem
71:2105–2123
75. McCormick SP, Stanley AM, Stover NA, Alexander NJ (2011) Trichothecenes from simple to
complex mycotoxins. Toxins 3:802–814
76. Merhey J, Richard-Forget F, Barreau C (2011) Regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis in
fusarium recent advances and new insights. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 91:519–528
77. Varga E, Wiesenberger G, Hametner C et al (2015) New tricks of an old enemy: isolates of
Fusarium graminearum produce a type A trichothecene mycotoxin. Environ Microbiol
17:2588–2600
78. Kelly AC, Proctor RH, Belzile F et al (2016) The geographic distribution and complex
evolutionary history of the NX-2 trichothecene chemotype from Fusarium graminearum.
Fungal Genet Biol 95:39–48
79. Strub C, Pocaznoi D, Lebrihi A et al (2010) Influence of barley matling operating parameters
on T-2 and HT-2 toxinogenesis of Fusarium langsethiae, a worrying contaminant of malting
barley in Europe. Food Addit Contam 27:1247–1252
80. Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, McCormick SP (2009) Genes, gene clusters, and biosynthesis of
trichothecenes and fumonisins in Fusarium. Toxin Rev 28:198–215
81. Rocha O, Ansari K, Doohan FM (2005) Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic
cells: a review. Food Addit Contam 22:369–378
82. Goswami RS, Kistler HC (2005) Pathogenicity and in planta mycotoxin accumulation among
members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex on wheat and rice. Phytopathology
95:1397–1404
83. Boenisch MJ, Schӓfer W (2011) Fusarium graminearum forms mycotoxin producing infection structures on wheat. BMC Plant Biol 11:110
84. Brown DW, McCormick SP, Alexander NJ et al (2001) A genetic and biochemical approach to
study trichothecene diversity in Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum.
Fungal Genet Biol 32:121–133
85. Brown DW, McCormick SP, Alexander NJ et al (2002) Inactivation of a cytochrome P-450 is
a determinant of trichothecene diversity in Fusarium species. Fungal Genet Biol 36:224–233
86. Lee T, Han Y-K, Kim K-H et al (2002) Tri13 and Tri7 determine deoxynivalenol- and
nivalenol-producing chemotypes of Gibberella zeae. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2148–2154
87. Ward TJ, Bielawski JP, Kistler HC et al (2002) Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive
evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:9278–9283
88. McCormick SP, Alexander NJ, Trapp SC, Hohn TM (1999) Disruption of TRI101, the gene
encoding trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase, from Fusarium sporotrichioides. Appl Environ
Microbiol 65:5252–5256
89. Brown DW, Proctor RH, Dyer RB, Plattner RD (2003) Characterization of a Fusarium 2-gene
cluster involved in trichothecene C-8 modification. J Agric Food Chem 51:7936–7944
90. Meek IB, Peplow AW, Ake C et al (2003) Tri1 encodes the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase
for C-8 hydroxylation during trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium sporotrichioides and
resides upstream of another new Tri gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1607–1613
240
Ł. Stępień et al.