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(1990) Anthraquinones as a new class of antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency
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KA (1989) Intercalating agents with covalent bond forming capability. A novel type of
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32:1594–1599
83. Hill DJ, Woolhouse HW (1966) Aspects of the antecology of Xanthoria parietina agg.
Lichenologist 3:207–214
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lichen Xanthoria parietina? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2:424–432
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I. Effects of air pollution on physiological processes. Lichenologist 28:355–365
88. Kahriman N, Yazici K, Arslan T, Aslan A, Karaoglu SA, Yayli N (2011) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from Evernia prunastri (L.) ach. and
Evernia divaricata (L.) ach. Asian J Chem 23:1937–1939
89. Rajab MS, Cantrell CL, Franzblau SG, Fischer NH (1998) Antimycobacterial activity of (E)phytol and derivates: a preliminary structure-activity study. Planta Med 64:2–4
90. Shukla V, Joshi G, Rawat M (2010) Lichens as a potential natural source of bioactive
compounds: a review. Phytochem Rev 9:303–314
91. Kosanić M, Ranković B, Sukdolak S (2010) Antimicrobial activity of the lichen Lecanora
frustulosa and Parmeliopsis hyperopta and their divaricatic acid and zeorin constituents. Afr J
Microbiol Res 4:885–890
92. Gonzalez AG, Rodrigues Perez EM, Hernandez PCE, Barrera JB (1992) Chemical constituents of the lichen Stereocaulon azorerum. Z Naturforsch C 47:503–507
93. Dahlman L, Näsholm T, Palmqwist K (2001) Growth, nitrogen uptake and resource allocation
in the two tripartite lichens Nephroma arctucim and Peltigera aphthosa during nitrogen stress.
New Phytol 153:307–315
94. Safe S, Safe LM, Maass WSG (1975) Sterols of three lichen species: Lobaria pulmonaria,
Lobaria scrobiculata and Usnea longissima. Phytochemistry 14:1821–1823
95. Shukla V, Negi S, Rawat MSM, Pant G, Nagatsu A (2004) Chemical study of Ramalina
africana (Ramaliniaceae) from Garhwal Himalayas. Biochem Syst Ecol 32:449–453
96. Goodwin TW (1980) Algae. In: Goodwin TW (ed) The biochemistry of the carotenoids, vol
1, 2nd edn. Chapmann and Hall, London/New York
97. Goodwin TW, Britton G (1988) Distribution and analysis of carotenoids. In: Goodwin TW
(ed) Plant pigments. Academic, London/San Diego
98. Czeczuga B (1980) Investigation on carotenoids in Embryophyta. I Bryophyta Bryologist
83:21–28
99. Edwards HGM, Rull Perez F (1999) Lichen biodeteriorarion of the Convento de la Peregrina,
Sahagun, Spain. Biospectroscopy 5:47–52
208
M. Goga et al.
(5):674–676
78. Muzychkina RA (1998) Natural anthraquinones, biological and physicochemical properties.
House Phasis, Moscow
79. Manojlovic NT, Solujic S, Sukdolak S (2002) Antimicrobial activity of an extract and
anthraquinones from Caloplaca schaereri. Lichenologist 34:83–85
80. Schinazi RF, Chu CK, Babu JR, Oswald BJ, Saalmann V, Cannon DL, Eriksson BFH, Nasr M
(1990) Anthraquinones as a new class of antiviral agents against human immunodeficiency
virus. Antivir Res 13:265–272
81. Cohen PA, Hudson JB, Towers GHN (1996) Antiviral activities of anthraquinones,
bianthrones and hypericin derivatives from lichens. Experientia 52:180–183
82. Koyama M, Takahashi K, Chou TC, Darzynkiewicz Z, Kapuscinski J, Kelly TR, Watanabe
KA (1989) Intercalating agents with covalent bond forming capability. A novel type of
potential anticancer agents. 2. Derivatives of chrysophanol and emodin. J Med Chem
32:1594–1599
83. Hill DJ, Woolhouse HW (1966) Aspects of the antecology of Xanthoria parietina agg.
Lichenologist 3:207–214
84. Fahselt D (1994) Secondary biochemistry of lichens. Symbiosis 16:117–165
85. Solhaug KA, Gauslaa Y (2004) Photosynthates stimulate the UV-B induced fungal anthraquinone synthesis in the foliose lichen Xanthoria parietina. Plant Cell Environ 27:167–176
86. Gauslaa Y, Ustvedt EM (2003) Is parietin a UV-B or a bluelight screening pigment in the
lichen Xanthoria parietina? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2:424–432
87. Silberstein L, Siegel BZ, Siegel SM, Mukhtar A, Galun M (1996) Comparative studies on
Xanthoria parietina, a pollution-resistant lichen, and Ramalina duriaei, a sensitive species.
I. Effects of air pollution on physiological processes. Lichenologist 28:355–365
88. Kahriman N, Yazici K, Arslan T, Aslan A, Karaoglu SA, Yayli N (2011) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from Evernia prunastri (L.) ach. and
Evernia divaricata (L.) ach. Asian J Chem 23:1937–1939
89. Rajab MS, Cantrell CL, Franzblau SG, Fischer NH (1998) Antimycobacterial activity of (E)phytol and derivates: a preliminary structure-activity study. Planta Med 64:2–4
90. Shukla V, Joshi G, Rawat M (2010) Lichens as a potential natural source of bioactive
compounds: a review. Phytochem Rev 9:303–314
91. Kosanić M, Ranković B, Sukdolak S (2010) Antimicrobial activity of the lichen Lecanora
frustulosa and Parmeliopsis hyperopta and their divaricatic acid and zeorin constituents. Afr J
Microbiol Res 4:885–890
92. Gonzalez AG, Rodrigues Perez EM, Hernandez PCE, Barrera JB (1992) Chemical constituents of the lichen Stereocaulon azorerum. Z Naturforsch C 47:503–507
93. Dahlman L, Näsholm T, Palmqwist K (2001) Growth, nitrogen uptake and resource allocation
in the two tripartite lichens Nephroma arctucim and Peltigera aphthosa during nitrogen stress.
New Phytol 153:307–315
94. Safe S, Safe LM, Maass WSG (1975) Sterols of three lichen species: Lobaria pulmonaria,
Lobaria scrobiculata and Usnea longissima. Phytochemistry 14:1821–1823
95. Shukla V, Negi S, Rawat MSM, Pant G, Nagatsu A (2004) Chemical study of Ramalina
africana (Ramaliniaceae) from Garhwal Himalayas. Biochem Syst Ecol 32:449–453
96. Goodwin TW (1980) Algae. In: Goodwin TW (ed) The biochemistry of the carotenoids, vol
1, 2nd edn. Chapmann and Hall, London/New York
97. Goodwin TW, Britton G (1988) Distribution and analysis of carotenoids. In: Goodwin TW
(ed) Plant pigments. Academic, London/San Diego
98. Czeczuga B (1980) Investigation on carotenoids in Embryophyta. I Bryophyta Bryologist
83:21–28
99. Edwards HGM, Rull Perez F (1999) Lichen biodeteriorarion of the Convento de la Peregrina,
Sahagun, Spain. Biospectroscopy 5:47–52
208
M. Goga et al.