56. de Barros Alves GM, de Sousa Maia MB, de Souza FE et al (2014) Expectorant and
antioxidant activities of purified fumarprotocetraric acid from Cladonia verticillaris lichen in
mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 27:139–143
57. Yilmaz M, Türk AO, Tay T, Kivanç M (2004) The antimicrobial activity of extracts of the
lichen Cladonia foliacea and its (À)-usnic acid, atranorin, and fumarprotocetraric acid constituents. Z Naturforsch C 59:249–254
58. Cardile V, Graziano ACE, Avola R, Piovano M, Russo A (2017) Potential anticancer activity
of lichen secondary metabolite physodic acid. Chem Biol Interact 263:36–45
59. Türk H, Yilmaz M, Tay T, Türk AO, Kivanç M (2006) Antimicrobial activity of extracts of
chemical races of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea and their physodic acid, chloroatranorin,
atranorin, and olivetoric acid constituents. Z Naturforsch C 61:499–507
60. Amo de Paz G, Gomez-Serranillos MP, Palomino OM, González-Burgos E, Carretero ME,
Crespo A (2010) HPLC isolation of antioxidant constituents from Xanthoparmelia spp.
J Pharm Biomed 53:165–171
61. Papadopoulou P, Tzakou O, Vagias C, Kefalas P, Roussis V (2007) Beta-orcinol metabolites
from the lichen Hypotrachyna revolute. Molecules 12:997–1005
62. Pejin B, Iodice C, Bogdanović G, Kojić V, Tešević V (2017) Stictic acid inhibits cell growth of
human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells. Arab J Chem 10:1240–1242
63. Ranković B (2015) Lichen secondary metabolites. Springer, London
64. Goga M, Pöykkö H, Adlassnig W, Bačkor M (2016) Response of the lichen-eating moth
Cleorodes lichenaria larvae to varying amounts of usnic acid in the lichens. Arthropod Plant
Interact 10:71–77
65. Waring B (2008) Light exposure affects secondary compound diversity in lichen communities
in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Penn Sci J 6:11–13
66. Mayer M, O’Neill MA, Murray KE, antos-Magalhaes NS, Carneiro-Leao AM, Thompson
AM, Appleyard VC (2005) Usnic acid: a non-genotoxic compound with anticancer properties.
Anti-Cancer Drugs 16:805–809
67. Han D, Matsumaru K, Rettori D, Kaplowitz N (2004) Usnic acid-induced necrosis of cultured
mouse hepatocytes: inhibition of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Biochem
Pharmacol 67:439–451
68. Goga M, Antreich SJ, Bačkor M, Weckwerth W, Lang I (2017) Lichen secondary metabolites
affect growth of Physcomitrella patens by allelopathy. Protoplasma 254:1307–1315
69. Goga M, Ručová D, Kolarčik V, Sabovljević M, Bačkor M, Lang I (2018) Usnic acid, as a
biotic factor, changes the ploidy level in mosses. Ecol Evol 8:2781–2787
70. Gollapudi SR, Telikepalli H, Jampani HB, Mirhom YW, Drake SD, Bhattiprolu KR, Vander
Velde D, Mitscher LA (1994) Alectosarmentin, a new antimicrobial dibenzofuranoid lactol
from the lichen, Alectoria sarmentosa. J Nat Prod 57:934–938
71. Læssøe T, Srikitikulchai P, Fournier J, Köpcke B, Stadler M (2010) Lepraric acid derivates as
chemotaxic markers in Hypoxylon aeruginosum, Chlorostroma subcubisporum and
C. cyaninum, sp. nov. Fungal Biol 114:481–489
72. Abdel-Lateff A, Fisch K, Wright AD (2003) Two new xanthone derivates from the algicolous
marine fungus Wardomyces anomalus. J Nat Prod 66:706–708
73. Ebada SS, Schultz B, Wray V, Totzke F, Kubbutat MH, Müller WE, Hamacher A,
Kassack MU, Lin W, Proksch P (2011) Arthrinins A-D: novel diterpenoids and further
constituents from the sponge derived fungus Arthrinium sp. Bioorg Med Chem 19:
4644–4651
74. Huneck S, Schreiber K (1972) Wachstumsregulatorische eigenschaften von flechten-und
moos-inhaltsstoffen. Phytochemistry 11:2429–2434
75. Dayan FE, Romagni JG (2001) Lichens as a potential source of pesticides. Pestic Outlook
12:229–232
76. Manojlovic NT, Solujic S, Sukdolak S, Krstic LJ (2000) Isolation and antimicrobial activity of
anthraquinones from some species of the lichen genus Xanthoria. J Serb Chem Soc
65:555–560
9 Lichen Metabolites: An Overview of Some Secondary Metabolites and Their. . .
207
antioxidant activities of purified fumarprotocetraric acid from Cladonia verticillaris lichen in
mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 27:139–143
57. Yilmaz M, Türk AO, Tay T, Kivanç M (2004) The antimicrobial activity of extracts of the
lichen Cladonia foliacea and its (À)-usnic acid, atranorin, and fumarprotocetraric acid constituents. Z Naturforsch C 59:249–254
58. Cardile V, Graziano ACE, Avola R, Piovano M, Russo A (2017) Potential anticancer activity
of lichen secondary metabolite physodic acid. Chem Biol Interact 263:36–45
59. Türk H, Yilmaz M, Tay T, Türk AO, Kivanç M (2006) Antimicrobial activity of extracts of
chemical races of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea and their physodic acid, chloroatranorin,
atranorin, and olivetoric acid constituents. Z Naturforsch C 61:499–507
60. Amo de Paz G, Gomez-Serranillos MP, Palomino OM, González-Burgos E, Carretero ME,
Crespo A (2010) HPLC isolation of antioxidant constituents from Xanthoparmelia spp.
J Pharm Biomed 53:165–171
61. Papadopoulou P, Tzakou O, Vagias C, Kefalas P, Roussis V (2007) Beta-orcinol metabolites
from the lichen Hypotrachyna revolute. Molecules 12:997–1005
62. Pejin B, Iodice C, Bogdanović G, Kojić V, Tešević V (2017) Stictic acid inhibits cell growth of
human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells. Arab J Chem 10:1240–1242
63. Ranković B (2015) Lichen secondary metabolites. Springer, London
64. Goga M, Pöykkö H, Adlassnig W, Bačkor M (2016) Response of the lichen-eating moth
Cleorodes lichenaria larvae to varying amounts of usnic acid in the lichens. Arthropod Plant
Interact 10:71–77
65. Waring B (2008) Light exposure affects secondary compound diversity in lichen communities
in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Penn Sci J 6:11–13
66. Mayer M, O’Neill MA, Murray KE, antos-Magalhaes NS, Carneiro-Leao AM, Thompson
AM, Appleyard VC (2005) Usnic acid: a non-genotoxic compound with anticancer properties.
Anti-Cancer Drugs 16:805–809
67. Han D, Matsumaru K, Rettori D, Kaplowitz N (2004) Usnic acid-induced necrosis of cultured
mouse hepatocytes: inhibition of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Biochem
Pharmacol 67:439–451
68. Goga M, Antreich SJ, Bačkor M, Weckwerth W, Lang I (2017) Lichen secondary metabolites
affect growth of Physcomitrella patens by allelopathy. Protoplasma 254:1307–1315
69. Goga M, Ručová D, Kolarčik V, Sabovljević M, Bačkor M, Lang I (2018) Usnic acid, as a
biotic factor, changes the ploidy level in mosses. Ecol Evol 8:2781–2787
70. Gollapudi SR, Telikepalli H, Jampani HB, Mirhom YW, Drake SD, Bhattiprolu KR, Vander
Velde D, Mitscher LA (1994) Alectosarmentin, a new antimicrobial dibenzofuranoid lactol
from the lichen, Alectoria sarmentosa. J Nat Prod 57:934–938
71. Læssøe T, Srikitikulchai P, Fournier J, Köpcke B, Stadler M (2010) Lepraric acid derivates as
chemotaxic markers in Hypoxylon aeruginosum, Chlorostroma subcubisporum and
C. cyaninum, sp. nov. Fungal Biol 114:481–489
72. Abdel-Lateff A, Fisch K, Wright AD (2003) Two new xanthone derivates from the algicolous
marine fungus Wardomyces anomalus. J Nat Prod 66:706–708
73. Ebada SS, Schultz B, Wray V, Totzke F, Kubbutat MH, Müller WE, Hamacher A,
Kassack MU, Lin W, Proksch P (2011) Arthrinins A-D: novel diterpenoids and further
constituents from the sponge derived fungus Arthrinium sp. Bioorg Med Chem 19:
4644–4651
74. Huneck S, Schreiber K (1972) Wachstumsregulatorische eigenschaften von flechten-und
moos-inhaltsstoffen. Phytochemistry 11:2429–2434
75. Dayan FE, Romagni JG (2001) Lichens as a potential source of pesticides. Pestic Outlook
12:229–232
76. Manojlovic NT, Solujic S, Sukdolak S, Krstic LJ (2000) Isolation and antimicrobial activity of
anthraquinones from some species of the lichen genus Xanthoria. J Serb Chem Soc
65:555–560
9 Lichen Metabolites: An Overview of Some Secondary Metabolites and Their. . .
207