DCF
x
–
Poplar
– plant
Plantlets in pots
filled with
perlite in a growth chamber
(DCF 1 mg L
À1
)
Plant material ground in liquid nitrogen and extracted
with sonication
SPE with Strata-X
LC-IT-MS
[82]
DCF
x
x
Cattail
– plant
Hydroponic in nutrition solution (DCF 1 mg L
À1
)
Samples ground in liquid
nitrogen and extracted with
liquid extraction
SPE with Strata-X
LC-IT-MS
[75]
DCF
x
x
Tomato, salad, onion,
rice, amaranth, millet,
maize, pea, sorghum
–
plant
Hydroponic (DCF 20 mg L
À1
) Ultra-Turrax extraction
LC-DTIMQTOF-MS
2
[40]
DCF, KPF, MFA,
NPX
x
x
Cress
– plant
Hydroponic (drug concentrations 0.01–1 mg L
À1
)
Ultra-Turrax extraction
SPE with Strata-X
LC-QqQMS
2
LC-QTOFMS
2
OrbitrapMS
[53]
DCF, KPF, MFA,
NPX
x
x
Cress
– plant
Hydroponic (drug concentrations 0.001–0.1 mg L
À1
)
Ultra-Turrax extraction
SPE with Strata-X and
QuEChERS cleanup
LC-QqQMS
2
[35]
EE2, 17β-E2
x
–
Lettuce
– plant
Hydroponic in nutrition solution (drug concentrations 0.1–
10,000
μg L
À1
)
Extraction using sonication
SPE with Oasis HLB and
CARB cartridges
Derivatization prior to
injection
GC-MS
[49]
FAD, FAZ, NFA,
NFZ
x
–
Spring onion
– plant
In soil (drug concentrations
4 mg kg
À1
)
Incubation of the homogenate
of spring onion leaf/root bulb
(drug concentrations 1 mg L
À1
)
Protein-bound metabolites
were liberated and
derivatized
Extraction with ethyl acetate
LC-QTrapMS
2
[52]
(continued)
Analytical Approaches for the Determination and Identification of Drug. . .
507
x
–
Poplar
– plant
Plantlets in pots
filled with
perlite in a growth chamber
(DCF 1 mg L
À1
)
Plant material ground in liquid nitrogen and extracted
with sonication
SPE with Strata-X
LC-IT-MS
[82]
DCF
x
x
Cattail
– plant
Hydroponic in nutrition solution (DCF 1 mg L
À1
)
Samples ground in liquid
nitrogen and extracted with
liquid extraction
SPE with Strata-X
LC-IT-MS
[75]
DCF
x
x
Tomato, salad, onion,
rice, amaranth, millet,
maize, pea, sorghum
–
plant
Hydroponic (DCF 20 mg L
À1
) Ultra-Turrax extraction
LC-DTIMQTOF-MS
2
[40]
DCF, KPF, MFA,
NPX
x
x
Cress
– plant
Hydroponic (drug concentrations 0.01–1 mg L
À1
)
Ultra-Turrax extraction
SPE with Strata-X
LC-QqQMS
2
LC-QTOFMS
2
OrbitrapMS
[53]
DCF, KPF, MFA,
NPX
x
x
Cress
– plant
Hydroponic (drug concentrations 0.001–0.1 mg L
À1
)
Ultra-Turrax extraction
SPE with Strata-X and
QuEChERS cleanup
LC-QqQMS
2
[35]
EE2, 17β-E2
x
–
Lettuce
– plant
Hydroponic in nutrition solution (drug concentrations 0.1–
10,000
μg L
À1
)
Extraction using sonication
SPE with Oasis HLB and
CARB cartridges
Derivatization prior to
injection
GC-MS
[49]
FAD, FAZ, NFA,
NFZ
x
–
Spring onion
– plant
In soil (drug concentrations
4 mg kg
À1
)
Incubation of the homogenate
of spring onion leaf/root bulb
(drug concentrations 1 mg L
À1
)
Protein-bound metabolites
were liberated and
derivatized
Extraction with ethyl acetate
LC-QTrapMS
2
[52]
(continued)
Analytical Approaches for the Determination and Identification of Drug. . .
507