Table 1
Overview of studies on the analysis of metabolites from drugs and personal care products in plants after uptake
Parent drug(s)
Metabolites
Plant material
Growing conditions
Extraction/cleanup/
enrichment
Analysis of
extracts
Ref.
Phase
I
Phase
II
ALB
x
x
Ribwort plantain
–
plant, cell suspension
Seeds germinated on
Murashige and Skoog basal
medium
Cell culture was initiated from
the leaves of regenerants
Incubated with 10
μM ALB
Liquid-liquid extraction of
homogenized frozen samples
UPLCQqQ-MS
2
[61]
ALB, FBZ, FLU
x
x
Harebell
– cell
suspension
Suspensions of harebell cells in
Murashige and Skoog culture
medium
Incubated with 10
μM ALB,
FBZ, FLU
Liquid-liquid extraction of
homogenized cell
suspensions
LC-QTOFMS
2
[86]
ATE, CBZ, SMX
x
–
Lamb’s lettuce, spinach, arugula, radish
–
plant
Greenhouse conditions watered
with 1 mg L
À1
drug solutions
Liquid extraction of homogenized frozen samples
LC-QqQMS
2
[47]
ATR, FL, SIM
x
x
Cress
– plant
Hydroponic (drug concentrations 0.001–1 mg L
À1
)
Ultra-Turrax extraction
QuEChERS cleanup
LC-QqQMS
2
LC-DTIMQTOF-MS
[54]
AVO, OC, OS
x
x
Duckweed, Cyperus
alternifolius
– plant
Hydroponic in nutrition solution (drug concentrations 9.6–
40.6 mg L
À1
)
Ultra-Turrax extraction
LC-QTOFMS
LC-DTIMQTOF-MS
[90]
BMS, TEL
x
x
Salix alba
– leaves
Growing on the bank close to
the water outlet of a two-stage
vertical
flow constructed
wetland
Frozen leaves were ground in
liquid nitrogen and extracted
with liquid extraction
MALDI with HCCA
LC-QTOFMS
MALDIMSI
FT-ICR-MS
[67]
504
F. Mlynek et al.