Table 5
QuEChERS extraction and analysis conditions in soil
Pharmaceuticals
QuEChERS extraction conditions
Clean-up
salts
Analysis
References
Soil
mass
(g)
Solvent
Extraction salts
Instrument Recovery (%)
RSD
(%)
LOD
Bentazone, atrazine,
carbamazepine, phenytoin, and its metabolite
5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)5-phenylhydantoin
5 g
CH3CN:H2O
70:30, 5%
CH3COOH
Original salts:
anhydrous
MgSO4 and NaCl
d-SPE: C18
and anhydrous
MgSO4
HPLCUV
88–113%
14%
4–
493
μg/
kg
[102]
14 veterinary products, 11 hormonal steroids, 6 human
contaminants (paracetamol, sulfamethoxazole,
fluvoxamine,
carbamazepine, ibuprofen, bisphenol A)
5 g
Milli-Q water and
ACN
AOAC salts
SAX and
Strata-X
SPE
cartridge
LC-MS/
MS
20–90%
30%
[106]
Ibuprofen and its
metabolites
(hydroxyibuprofen
and
carboxyibuprofen)
5 g
Acidified purified
water (pH 2.5,
hydrochloric acid)
and for sonication
acidified ACN
(1% HCOOH)
EN salts: MgSO4,
NaCl, 1 g of
sodium citrate
dehydrate
(NaCit), and 0.5 g
of sodium citrate
sesquihydrate
(Na2Cit)
No cleanup
LC-FLD
>80%
<5%
[101]
Ceftiofur, clopidol,
florfenicol, monensin,
salinomycin,
sulfamethazine,
10 g
Distilled water and
CAN acidified
with acetic acid
Sodium acetate
C18
LC-MS/
MS
60.25–120.3%
<13%
except
for
[103]
(continued)
Development of Methods for the Determination of PhACs in Soil/Earthworm/Crop. . .
441