152. Nozaki M, Ito K, Miura C, Miura T (2013) Examination of digestive enzyme distribution in
gut tract and functions of intestinal caecum, in megascolecid earthworms (Oligochaeta:
Megascolecidae) in Japan. Zoolog Sci 30:710–715
153. Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Mazzia C, Capowiez Y, Rault M (2009) Carboxylesterase activity in
earthworm gut contents: potential (eco)toxicological implications. Comp Biochem Physiol
150C:503–511
154. Fujii K, Ikeda K, Yoshida S (2012) Isolation and characterization of aerobic microorganisms
with cellulolytic activity in the gut of endogeic earthworms. Int Microbiol 15:121–130
155. Horn MA, Schramm A, Drake HL (2003) The earthworm gut: an ideal habitat for ingested
N2O-producing microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1662–1669
156. Di L (2019) The impact of Carboxylesterases in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Curr
Drug Metab 20:91–102
157. Lesser LE, Mora A, Moreau C, Mahlknecht J, Hernández-Antonio A, Ramírez AI, BarriosPiña H (2018) Survey of 218 organic contaminants in groundwater derived from the world’s
largest untreated wastewater irrigation system: Mezquital Valley, Mexico. Chemosphere
198:510–521
158. Pal R, Megharaj M, Kirkbride KP, Naidu R (2013) Illicit drugs and the environment – a
review. Sci Total Environ 463–464:1079–1092
159. Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Aira M, Domínguez J (2014) Extracellular pesticide detoxification in
the gastrointestinal tract of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. Soil Biol Biochem 79:1–4
160. Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Notario del Pino J, Domínguez J (2015) Earthworm-induced
carboxylesterase activity in soil: assessing the potential for detoxification and monitoring
organophosphorus pesticides. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 122:303–312
161. Hatfield MJ, Umans RA, Hyatt JL, Edwards CC, Wierdl M, Tsurkan L, Taylor MR, Potter PM
(2016) Carboxylesterases: general detoxifying enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 259:327–331
162. Nannipieri P, Trasar-Cepeda C, Dick RP (2018) Soil enzyme activity: a brief history and
biochemistry as a basis for appropriate interpretations and meta-analysis. Biol Fertil Soils
54:11–19
163. Nannipieri P, Sequi P, Fusi P (1996) Humus and enzyme activity. In: Piccolo A (ed) Humic
substances in terrestrial ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 293–328
164. Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Ro KS, Díaz FJ (2019) Biochar and earthworms working in tandem:
research opportunities for soil bioremediation. Sci Total Environ 688:574–583
165. Shaaban M, Van Zwieten L, Bashir S, Younas A, Núñez-Delgado A, Chhajro MA, Kubar KA,
Ali U, Rana MS, Mehmood MA, Hu R (2018) A concise review of biochar application to
agricultural soils to improve soil conditions and fight pollution. J Environ Manage
228:429–440
166. Beesley L, Moreno-Jiménez E, Gomez-Eyles JL, Harris E, Robinson B, Sizmur T (2011) A
review of biochars’ potential role in the remediation, revegetation and restoration of contaminated soils. Environ Pollut 159:3269–3282
167. Tang J, Zhu W, Kookana R, Katayama A (2013) Characteristics of biochar and its application
in remediation of contaminated soil. J Biosci Bioeng 116:653–659
168. Liu Y, Lonappan L, Brar SK, Yang S (2018) Impact of biochar amendment in agricultural soils
on the sorption, desorption, and degradation of pesticides: a review. Sci Total Environ
645:60–70
169. Lehmann J (2015) Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In: Lehmann J,
Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management: science, technology and implementation. Routledge, Oxon
170. Han L, Ro KS, Wang Y, Sun K, Sun H, Libra JA, Xing B (2018) Oxidation resistance of
biochars as a function of feedstock and pyrolysis condition. Sci Total Environ 616:335–344
171. Inyang M, Dickenson E (2015) The potential role of biochar in the removal of organic and
microbial contaminants from potable and reuse water: a review. Chemosphere 134:232–240
Vermiremediation of Pharmaceutical-Contaminated Soils and Organic Amendments
373
gut tract and functions of intestinal caecum, in megascolecid earthworms (Oligochaeta:
Megascolecidae) in Japan. Zoolog Sci 30:710–715
153. Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Mazzia C, Capowiez Y, Rault M (2009) Carboxylesterase activity in
earthworm gut contents: potential (eco)toxicological implications. Comp Biochem Physiol
150C:503–511
154. Fujii K, Ikeda K, Yoshida S (2012) Isolation and characterization of aerobic microorganisms
with cellulolytic activity in the gut of endogeic earthworms. Int Microbiol 15:121–130
155. Horn MA, Schramm A, Drake HL (2003) The earthworm gut: an ideal habitat for ingested
N2O-producing microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1662–1669
156. Di L (2019) The impact of Carboxylesterases in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Curr
Drug Metab 20:91–102
157. Lesser LE, Mora A, Moreau C, Mahlknecht J, Hernández-Antonio A, Ramírez AI, BarriosPiña H (2018) Survey of 218 organic contaminants in groundwater derived from the world’s
largest untreated wastewater irrigation system: Mezquital Valley, Mexico. Chemosphere
198:510–521
158. Pal R, Megharaj M, Kirkbride KP, Naidu R (2013) Illicit drugs and the environment – a
review. Sci Total Environ 463–464:1079–1092
159. Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Aira M, Domínguez J (2014) Extracellular pesticide detoxification in
the gastrointestinal tract of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. Soil Biol Biochem 79:1–4
160. Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Notario del Pino J, Domínguez J (2015) Earthworm-induced
carboxylesterase activity in soil: assessing the potential for detoxification and monitoring
organophosphorus pesticides. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 122:303–312
161. Hatfield MJ, Umans RA, Hyatt JL, Edwards CC, Wierdl M, Tsurkan L, Taylor MR, Potter PM
(2016) Carboxylesterases: general detoxifying enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 259:327–331
162. Nannipieri P, Trasar-Cepeda C, Dick RP (2018) Soil enzyme activity: a brief history and
biochemistry as a basis for appropriate interpretations and meta-analysis. Biol Fertil Soils
54:11–19
163. Nannipieri P, Sequi P, Fusi P (1996) Humus and enzyme activity. In: Piccolo A (ed) Humic
substances in terrestrial ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 293–328
164. Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Ro KS, Díaz FJ (2019) Biochar and earthworms working in tandem:
research opportunities for soil bioremediation. Sci Total Environ 688:574–583
165. Shaaban M, Van Zwieten L, Bashir S, Younas A, Núñez-Delgado A, Chhajro MA, Kubar KA,
Ali U, Rana MS, Mehmood MA, Hu R (2018) A concise review of biochar application to
agricultural soils to improve soil conditions and fight pollution. J Environ Manage
228:429–440
166. Beesley L, Moreno-Jiménez E, Gomez-Eyles JL, Harris E, Robinson B, Sizmur T (2011) A
review of biochars’ potential role in the remediation, revegetation and restoration of contaminated soils. Environ Pollut 159:3269–3282
167. Tang J, Zhu W, Kookana R, Katayama A (2013) Characteristics of biochar and its application
in remediation of contaminated soil. J Biosci Bioeng 116:653–659
168. Liu Y, Lonappan L, Brar SK, Yang S (2018) Impact of biochar amendment in agricultural soils
on the sorption, desorption, and degradation of pesticides: a review. Sci Total Environ
645:60–70
169. Lehmann J (2015) Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In: Lehmann J,
Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management: science, technology and implementation. Routledge, Oxon
170. Han L, Ro KS, Wang Y, Sun K, Sun H, Libra JA, Xing B (2018) Oxidation resistance of
biochars as a function of feedstock and pyrolysis condition. Sci Total Environ 616:335–344
171. Inyang M, Dickenson E (2015) The potential role of biochar in the removal of organic and
microbial contaminants from potable and reuse water: a review. Chemosphere 134:232–240
Vermiremediation of Pharmaceutical-Contaminated Soils and Organic Amendments
373