75. Jager T, Fleuren RHLJ, Hogendoorn EA, de Korte G (2003) Elucidating the routes of exposure
for organic chemicals in the earthworm, Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta). Environ Sci Technol
37:3399–3404
76. Carter LJ, Ryan JJ, Boxall AB (2016) Does uptake of pharmaceuticals vary across earthworm
species. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 97:316–322
77. Carter LJ, Ryan JJ, Boxall ABA (2016) Effects of soil properties on the uptake of pharmaceuticals into earthworms. Environ Pollut 213:922–931
78. Cizmas L, Sharma VK, Gray CM, McDonald TJ (2015) Pharmaceuticals and personal care
products in waters: occurrence, toxicity, and risk. Environ Chem Lett 13:381–394
79. Thelusmond JR, Strathmann TJ, Cupples AM (2019) Carbamazepine, triclocarban and triclosan biodegradation and the phylotypes and functional genes associated with xenobiotic
degradation in four agricultural soils. Sci Total Environ 657:1138–1149
80. Phandanouvong-Lozano V, Sun W, Sanders JM, Hay AG (2018) Biochar does not attenuate
triclosan’s impact on soil bacterial communities. Chemosphere 213:215–225
81. EMA EU (2006) Guideline on the environmental risk assessment of medicinal products for
human use. EMEA/CHMP/SWP/4447/00 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
(CHMP), London, UK
82. OECD (1984) OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: earthworm, acute toxicity test.
Guideline for testing chemicals no. 207. Paris, France
83. OECD (2016) OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals: earthworm reproduction test
(Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei). Guideline for testing chemicals no. 222. Paris, France
84. ISO (2012) Soil quality – effects of pollutants on earthworms – part 1: determination of acute
toxicity to Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei. ISO 11268-1. Geneva, Switzerland
85. ISO (2012) Soil quality – effects of pollutants on earthworms – part 2: determination of effects
on reproduction of Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei. ISO 11268-2. Geneva, Switzerland
86. ISO (2008) Soil quality – avoidance test for determining the quality of soils and effects of
chemicals on behaviour – part 1: test with earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei). ISO
17512–1.Geneva, Switzerland
87. Römbke J, Krogh KA, Moser T, Scheffczyk A, Liebig M (2010) Effects of the veterinary
pharmaceutical ivermectin on soil invertebrates in laboratory tests. Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol 58:332–340
88. Alves PRL, Bandeira FO, Giraldi M, Presotto R, Segat JC, Cardoso EJBN, Baretta D (2019)
Ecotoxicological assessment of Fluazuron: effects on Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26:5842–5850
89. Menezes-Oliveira V, Loureiro S, Amorim MJB, Wrona F, Soares AMVM (2018) Hazard
assessment of the veterinary pharmaceuticals monensin and nicarbazin using a soil test battery.
Environ Toxicol Chem 37:3145–3153
90. Zižek S, Hrženjak R, Kalcher GT, Srimpf K, Semrov N, Zidar P (2011) Does monensin in
chicken manure from poultry farms pose a threat to soil invertebrates. Chemosphere
83:517–523
91. Lopes Alves PR, Niemeyer JC, Nogueira Cardoso JB (2017) The use of non-standardized
invertebrates in soil ecotoxicology. In: Larramendy ML (ed) Ecotoxicology and
genotoxicology: non-traditional terrestrial models, vol 32. The Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, pp 3–30
92. Whalen JK, Fox CA (2006) Diversity of lumbricid earthworms in temperate agroecosystems.
In: Benckiser G, Schnell S (eds) Biodiversity in agricultural production systems. Taylor &
Francis, CRC Press, Boca Raton
93. Dinter A, Oberwalder C, Kabouw P, Coulson M, Ernst G, Leicher T, Miles M, Weyman G,
Klein O (2013) Occurrence and distribution of earthworms in agricultural landscapes across
Europe with regard to testing for responses to plant protection products. J Soil Sediment
13:278–293
Vermiremediation of Pharmaceutical-Contaminated Soils and Organic Amendments
369
for organic chemicals in the earthworm, Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta). Environ Sci Technol
37:3399–3404
76. Carter LJ, Ryan JJ, Boxall AB (2016) Does uptake of pharmaceuticals vary across earthworm
species. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 97:316–322
77. Carter LJ, Ryan JJ, Boxall ABA (2016) Effects of soil properties on the uptake of pharmaceuticals into earthworms. Environ Pollut 213:922–931
78. Cizmas L, Sharma VK, Gray CM, McDonald TJ (2015) Pharmaceuticals and personal care
products in waters: occurrence, toxicity, and risk. Environ Chem Lett 13:381–394
79. Thelusmond JR, Strathmann TJ, Cupples AM (2019) Carbamazepine, triclocarban and triclosan biodegradation and the phylotypes and functional genes associated with xenobiotic
degradation in four agricultural soils. Sci Total Environ 657:1138–1149
80. Phandanouvong-Lozano V, Sun W, Sanders JM, Hay AG (2018) Biochar does not attenuate
triclosan’s impact on soil bacterial communities. Chemosphere 213:215–225
81. EMA EU (2006) Guideline on the environmental risk assessment of medicinal products for
human use. EMEA/CHMP/SWP/4447/00 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
(CHMP), London, UK
82. OECD (1984) OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: earthworm, acute toxicity test.
Guideline for testing chemicals no. 207. Paris, France
83. OECD (2016) OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals: earthworm reproduction test
(Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei). Guideline for testing chemicals no. 222. Paris, France
84. ISO (2012) Soil quality – effects of pollutants on earthworms – part 1: determination of acute
toxicity to Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei. ISO 11268-1. Geneva, Switzerland
85. ISO (2012) Soil quality – effects of pollutants on earthworms – part 2: determination of effects
on reproduction of Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei. ISO 11268-2. Geneva, Switzerland
86. ISO (2008) Soil quality – avoidance test for determining the quality of soils and effects of
chemicals on behaviour – part 1: test with earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei). ISO
17512–1.Geneva, Switzerland
87. Römbke J, Krogh KA, Moser T, Scheffczyk A, Liebig M (2010) Effects of the veterinary
pharmaceutical ivermectin on soil invertebrates in laboratory tests. Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol 58:332–340
88. Alves PRL, Bandeira FO, Giraldi M, Presotto R, Segat JC, Cardoso EJBN, Baretta D (2019)
Ecotoxicological assessment of Fluazuron: effects on Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26:5842–5850
89. Menezes-Oliveira V, Loureiro S, Amorim MJB, Wrona F, Soares AMVM (2018) Hazard
assessment of the veterinary pharmaceuticals monensin and nicarbazin using a soil test battery.
Environ Toxicol Chem 37:3145–3153
90. Zižek S, Hrženjak R, Kalcher GT, Srimpf K, Semrov N, Zidar P (2011) Does monensin in
chicken manure from poultry farms pose a threat to soil invertebrates. Chemosphere
83:517–523
91. Lopes Alves PR, Niemeyer JC, Nogueira Cardoso JB (2017) The use of non-standardized
invertebrates in soil ecotoxicology. In: Larramendy ML (ed) Ecotoxicology and
genotoxicology: non-traditional terrestrial models, vol 32. The Royal Society of Chemistry,
Cambridge, pp 3–30
92. Whalen JK, Fox CA (2006) Diversity of lumbricid earthworms in temperate agroecosystems.
In: Benckiser G, Schnell S (eds) Biodiversity in agricultural production systems. Taylor &
Francis, CRC Press, Boca Raton
93. Dinter A, Oberwalder C, Kabouw P, Coulson M, Ernst G, Leicher T, Miles M, Weyman G,
Klein O (2013) Occurrence and distribution of earthworms in agricultural landscapes across
Europe with regard to testing for responses to plant protection products. J Soil Sediment
13:278–293
Vermiremediation of Pharmaceutical-Contaminated Soils and Organic Amendments
369