Table 1 (continued)
Bisphenol A
E. fetida
(Ep) and
D. veneta
(Ep)
Artificial soil (1–
2000 mg/kg) for
56 days
Contact test (0.02, 0.2
and 2 mg ml
À1
) for
48 h
Immune system
(coelomocyte
survival)
[58]
Bisphenol A
E. fetida (Ep) Artificial soil (1–
2000 mg/kg) for
56 days
Contact test (0.02, 0.2
and 2 mg ml
-1
) for
48 h
Gene expression:
endocrine related
(EcR, MAPR,
AdipoR),
methyltransferases
(DNMTs), stress
related (HSC70 4),
metallothionein. Epigenetic mechanisms
(Piwi2) and
genotoxicity (PARP1)
[59]
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and
Cd alone and
combined
E. fetida
(Ep) and
Metaphire
guillelmi
(En)
Cd (1 mg kg
À1
) and
TBBA (10, 50,
100, and
500 mg kg
À1
) in artificial soil for 14 days
ROS formation, LPO
and GSH levels,
SOD, GPX and GST
activities, histology
examination
[61]
TBBPA
M. guillelmi
(En)
14
C-TBBPA
radiolabelled at
5 μg mL
À1 chemical
concentration measures after 5-, 10-,
15-, 20-, 25- and
30-day incubation
Biomarkers: SOD,
CAT, GST and AChE
activities, GSH and
MDA (LPO) content
and metabolite
identification
[62]
Decabromodiphenyl
ether (BDE209) + Pb
alone and combined
E. fetida (Ep) BDE209
(1, 10 mg kg
À1
) and
Pb (50, 250,
500 mg kg
À1
) in soil
(28 days) and contact
tests (48 h)
DNA damage (comet
assay) and avoidance
behaviour
[63]
BDE209 (+ Pb)
alone and combined
E. fetida (Ep) BDE209
(100 mg kg
À1
) and Pb
(50, 250,
500 mg kg
À1
) in soil
(up to 28 days) after
repeated exposures
SOD and CAT activities, LPO (MDA)
contents and transcriptional levels of
(SOD, CAT and
Hsp70) genes
[64]
TBBPA,
hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and
BDE 209
E. fetida (Ep) 1, 10, 50, 100, 200,
400 mg kg
À1 for
14 days
SOD, CAT and
HSH70 gene
transcription
[65]
BDE 47
E. fetida (Ep) 10, 50, 100,
200, 400 mg kg
À1 for
14 days
SOD, CAT, GST and
Hsp70 gene
transcription
[66]
BDE 47 and BDE
209
E. fetida (Ep) 10, 50, 100,
200 mg kg
À1 for
14 days
Metabolomics
[67]
(continued)
Biomarkers in Earthworms
321
Bisphenol A
E. fetida
(Ep) and
D. veneta
(Ep)
Artificial soil (1–
2000 mg/kg) for
56 days
Contact test (0.02, 0.2
and 2 mg ml
À1
) for
48 h
Immune system
(coelomocyte
survival)
[58]
Bisphenol A
E. fetida (Ep) Artificial soil (1–
2000 mg/kg) for
56 days
Contact test (0.02, 0.2
and 2 mg ml
-1
) for
48 h
Gene expression:
endocrine related
(EcR, MAPR,
AdipoR),
methyltransferases
(DNMTs), stress
related (HSC70 4),
metallothionein. Epigenetic mechanisms
(Piwi2) and
genotoxicity (PARP1)
[59]
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and
Cd alone and
combined
E. fetida
(Ep) and
Metaphire
guillelmi
(En)
Cd (1 mg kg
À1
) and
TBBA (10, 50,
100, and
500 mg kg
À1
) in artificial soil for 14 days
ROS formation, LPO
and GSH levels,
SOD, GPX and GST
activities, histology
examination
[61]
TBBPA
M. guillelmi
(En)
14
C-TBBPA
radiolabelled at
5 μg mL
À1 chemical
concentration measures after 5-, 10-,
15-, 20-, 25- and
30-day incubation
Biomarkers: SOD,
CAT, GST and AChE
activities, GSH and
MDA (LPO) content
and metabolite
identification
[62]
Decabromodiphenyl
ether (BDE209) + Pb
alone and combined
E. fetida (Ep) BDE209
(1, 10 mg kg
À1
) and
Pb (50, 250,
500 mg kg
À1
) in soil
(28 days) and contact
tests (48 h)
DNA damage (comet
assay) and avoidance
behaviour
[63]
BDE209 (+ Pb)
alone and combined
E. fetida (Ep) BDE209
(100 mg kg
À1
) and Pb
(50, 250,
500 mg kg
À1
) in soil
(up to 28 days) after
repeated exposures
SOD and CAT activities, LPO (MDA)
contents and transcriptional levels of
(SOD, CAT and
Hsp70) genes
[64]
TBBPA,
hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and
BDE 209
E. fetida (Ep) 1, 10, 50, 100, 200,
400 mg kg
À1 for
14 days
SOD, CAT and
HSH70 gene
transcription
[65]
BDE 47
E. fetida (Ep) 10, 50, 100,
200, 400 mg kg
À1 for
14 days
SOD, CAT, GST and
Hsp70 gene
transcription
[66]
BDE 47 and BDE
209
E. fetida (Ep) 10, 50, 100,
200 mg kg
À1 for
14 days
Metabolomics
[67]
(continued)
Biomarkers in Earthworms
321